Global Journal of Management and Business Research, G: Interdisciplinary, Volume 23 Issue 1

Arms (ORPA), as well as the first-time participation of native communities. This synchronization between guerrillas and native communities, not without prior, complex mediation, allowed them to become stronger in all aspects, while at the same time marking a distance from the State. Guerrillas and inhabitants came together to face new attacks, massacres, destruction, and barbarism from the army. The offensive turned to the defensive so that the exodus of inhabitants increased, sometimes to escape extermination and sometimes to take up arms. However, despite international intervention in favor of the cease-fire, the army imprinted their attacks against the communities with even more viciousness and ignominy. This, in turn, led to the permanent uprooting of thousands of Guatemalans that escaped repression before, during, and after the civil war, due to the political and socioeconomic wounds that have not yet fully healed. Garcia (2009), a former gang member of the Maras Salvatruchas and human rights activist today, gives his testimony in a presentation on the birth and growth of gangs in Guatemala. He states that Guatemala has never given importance to the needs of children, much less to those of young people, but he goes into detail about their death toll, which rises in multi-digit numbers: 1,976 deaths, and 90% unofficial executions, accompanied by intense social violence daily. 57% of the population lives in poverty, six thousand minors live in the streets and 49.3% of the population is chronically malnourished. In addition to this, people live in constant and intense fear. "2008 was declared the most violent year in the history of the country", with more deaths caused by social warfare per day than in countries where a war had been officially declared, according to the author. Thus, the children of war, the generations that lived under these terrifying circumstances since birth, are under the influence of the Ecology of Fear and, consequently, of a culture of terrorism. These permanent violations of human rights in Guatemala caused many families, generally from El Salvador, to take refuge in Los Angeles, California, in the United States. Young people adopted the "cholo" culture until they were deported to San Salvador. There were Maras Salvatruchas and 18 th Street gang members from Guatemala. The life of these generations of US nationals that had language and cultural differences started their new life in Latin American environments in fits and starts, but later became empowered and took control of the local gangs and extended to the rest of Central America and on to Mexico. Due to their rejection by the community these gangs, which were considered stateless opposition, were grouped into a "family" with strong emotional, organizational, legal, and solidarity ties they had never had as children and young adults. However, the repressive environment where they had grown up led to an interactive distortion of universal values that was apparent in their interactions with others. This behavior has generated controversy among specialists, but most of them agree that the existence of gangs, such as the Maras Salvatruchas, which developed out of violent contexts, must lead governments such as that of El Salvador and Guatemala to reflect on this grave situation. Both countries have been responsible for the existence of these generations of psychopathic characters and their dictatorial yoke on the communities. So, instead of holding gangs responsible for everything that happens in El Salvador and Guatemala, as well as applying an "iron fist" to put an end to these gangs, these two governments should prioritize preventive and rehabilitation measures that favor the establishment of better justice mechanisms to replace the one that does not work, concluded Garcia (2009). c) Honduras, a Militarized Country According to Honduran sociologist Posas (1979: 53-64) this country also wears Eurocentrism, with its three characteristics, as an opportunistic tattoo. The State disregards the needs of its citizens and the shortcut to achieving economic development is apparent in the various coups d'état that are so typical of its government, and which were carried out with the financial assistance of foreign companies that deal in mining, industry, and arable lands, among many others since times immemorial. The consequence of this has been pervasive poverty, marginalization and an authoritarian regime working against its citizens. The above conditions have led to civil wars since the emancipation from the Spanish crown in 1821, as well as to its annexing and separation from other countries, with the population being the only that suffers the consequences of such actions. From the beginning, the history of Honduras as an independent country has been accompanied by El Salvador and Guatemala during the process of change. However, the ever-present political unrest in the country has resulted in permanent social uprisings that have usually been encouraged by neighboring countries. Continuous expenditure for army support in an effort to establish "law enforcement", leading to a continuous drain of the country’s finances in favor of landowners that are conveniently instrumental in conspiring against the localized attempts to achieve financial stability. Honduras became subject to dependence from North American banana companies at the beginning of the twentieth century. In time, this situation led to the seizure of the economic and political control and to confrontations that occurred all over the country, resulting in civil wars that forced the government to acquire more debt to contain the volatile political and social situation. Among the actions taken were the non- 13 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue I Version I Year 2023 ( )G © 2023 Global Journals Mass Migration of Students: Analysis of the Geopolitical and Social Contexts of Origins