Global Journal of Management and Business Research, G: Interdisciplinary, Volume 23 Issue 1

payment of public servant salaries that retaliated by providing poor services and a showing obvious lack of professional principles. They would subsequently be dismissed without the possibility of being re-hired, although always depending on the regulations established by the political administration in office. Therefore, uncertainty is a constant in all areas of daily life in Honduras even today. Aguilar (2009: 699-707) also discussed the criminal networks in which Honduras has been trapped, as well as another one that does not appear in other studies: The manipulation of the media that is most capable of moving public opinion, due to article 274 of the Honduran Constitution. It allows high-ranking military commanders in Honduras to become entrepreneurs with the power to develop independently in the transportation, education, and communication sectors under the control of the business-military oligarchy. However, he went on to explain that there exists a gap in the financial ceiling to the military budget, which increases gradually, while the justice system budget suffers a sharp decrease. He spoke of the adverse situations that led to the coup d'état against President Manuel Zelaya in 2009, who had attempted to make constitutional changes for the good of the Honduran nation that would affect the interests of the military oligarchy, which the latter retaliated to with a coup d'état, despite international protest. Aguilar stated that "conditions that led to war, hunger and, exclusion in past decades continue to be the elements of daily life in the Central American social, political, and economic landscape of the twenty-first century". The stateless and egocentric mental paradigm that was brought, seeded, and reinforced in Latin American countries by the Europeans since colonial times, represents a powerful, intangible chain that makes it impossible for Honduras to develop a sustainable national project. Other obstacles to national cohesion, Aguilar continued, are the subordination of the State and elite to US capitals and their financial support, which is used to influence political decision-making. The circle closes, on one hand, with a bourgeoisie that uses political parties to consolidate its power and, on the other, with the unrestricted support of the U.S. military. The Honduran army was created with the consent of the United States to overthrow the reformist Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954. This support was reinforced when the Cuban revolution triumphed in 1959. Since then, the Honduran army has been the military arm of the United States in Latin America, established to bring down all types of governments, insurgencies and uprisings that are not in line with US interests. Like any well-trained institution, the Honduran army was very powerful and became a pivotal, autonomous political and economic node. It was able to intervene in the decision to leave presidents in office or remove them at its convenience, through coups carried out with the complacent consent of the United States, although not so much of foreign interests. The last coup d'état was carried out by the military oligarchy in 2009, leading to multiple demonstrations by the popular, artistic, and academic sectors that had never before participated and the subsequent retaliation in blood and fire on the part of the perpetrators. The National Popular Resistance Front (FNRP), a Honduran social organization, not a guerrilla, was established and brought various sectors together in peaceful demonstrations against the coup d´état and favor of the return of President Zelaya without any success. It is important to mention that the FNRP has stood out for its brave patriotism, nationalism, and social resistance, despite the opposition from local groups that operate with foreign support and the repression against its people for the true democracy and socioeconomic development of their country (Castro, 2011: 43-74). We can see that El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are trapped in their contexts. According to Nuttin (1982: 69; 90-91), this situation of forced coexistence in difficult contexts, where individual guarantees are weakened through a pervasive tension and adrenaline that flow continually among adolescents during the various stages of development are what motivates behavior, causing motor disturbances, instability, immaturity, as well as depressive syndrome, all with traumatic effects. Thus, human beings create an important link with their environment from which they copy what they observe to modify it, conforming it to their personalities that develop from the environment itself. Therefore, since the location, size, and geographic settlement, as well as overcrowding, injustice, and helplessness, among others, have an altering effect on behaviors and attitudes (Proshansky, Ittelson, and Rivlin: 1978: 11; 13; 419), adaptation to the environment aims to promote or prevent certain types of behavior. Coronel (2013) mentioned that change generates uncertainty and anguish for human beings, especially when it comes to change caused by the migratory phenomenon, which causes psychological disorders that limit the socioemotional and affective domains. Individual personalities are a code and value capturing and assimilation process that occurs through daily interaction, but when sudden changes occur in the individual's life these changes may generate either temporary or permanent disruption. These crises usually arise during adolescence, during marriage, after the death of a loved one, or due to migration. Change may also have a strong, sometimes positive influence on the personality of the individual that adapts easily. However, in some instances, the most 14 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue I Version I Year 2023 ( )G © 2023 Global Journals Mass Migration of Students: Analysis of the Geopolitical and Social Contexts of Origins