Global Journal of Medical Research, A: Neurology & Nervous System, Volume 23 Issue 3

Reliability and Validity Evaluation of the ‘’CLOX: An Executive Clock Drawing Task’’ in a Greek Population with Neurological and Autoimmune Diseases Eleni Sideri α , Ioanna Tsantzali σ , Claire Kelly ρ , George Papadimitropoulos Ѡ , Dimitrios Kitsos ¥ , Stella Fanouraki § , Angeliki Sterpi χ , Georgios Tsivgoulis ν , George P. Paraskevas Ѳ & Konstantinos I. Voumvourakis ζ Abstract- Early and accurate detection of cognitive decline is a crucial factor for diagnosis, early interventions, and treatment strategies. The CLOX: an executive clock drawing task has emerged as a useful and frequent method for assessing cognitive abilities, especially in executive functioning domains. However, there are few normative data available for this tool. This protocol translates and validates the CLOX: an executive drawing task in the Greek population, also it tries to examine the use of CLOX in the Greek population. The study included a total number of participants 283 (76 males- 207 females) with mean ages 52,7 years, and a range of 19 to 90 years; the cohort consists of individuals with Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Mild Cognitive Impairment; The Internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha value was .798 for CLOX task 1, .785 for CLOX task 2, and .874 for the overall scale (combining both tasks). These values indicate that the items in the CLOX tasks are measuring a coherent construct consistently. A one-way ANOVA analysis was performed to assess the effect of different disease types on CLOX task 1 and CLOX task 2 performance. The analysis revealed significant differences between disease groups for both tasks, while the Dementia group had the lowest mean scores. Keywords: CLOX; dementia; multiple sclerosis; systemic erythematosus lupus; mild cognitive impairment; validation. Author α σ ρ ¥ § χ ν : 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” General University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece. e-mails: lenisideri1985@gmail.com , docjo1989@gmail.com , ge.papadim@gmail.com , dkitsos@icloud.com , stelfanou@gmail.com , angste1955@gmail.com, tsivgoulisgiorg@yahoo.gr Author α ρ : Cardiff Metropolitan University, Applied Psychology Department Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, Cardiff, Wales. e-mail: ckelly@cardiffmet.ac.uk Corresponding Authors Ѳ ζ : 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” General University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece. e-mails: cvoumvou@outlook.com , geoprskvs44@gmail.com I. I ntroduction r. X, a 78 y.o. retired Caucasian male accountant, breezed through the opening questions of his cognitive evaluation, confident that his sons were worrying needlessly about some lapses in his daily function that they had noticed. He smiled knowingly at the request of the neurologist to draw a clock face with all its markings and showing a specific time in its 12-hour span, having heard all about this test from friends and relatives. There was no reason to worry, couldn’t he readily tell the time using his wristwatch, after all? It was only after he realized that there was something wrong with the lopsided ellipse with the missing numbers he kept drawing, that he realized there might be more to his children’s worries. Scenes like this one are encountered with increasing frequency in aging populations. However, cognitive dysfunction can impact individuals of various age groups and isn’t solely limited to the elderly population. Cognitive dysfunction can impact individuals of various age groups, not solely limited to the elderly population. This estimate is derived from the outcomes of specialized examinations and has been substantiated through prevalence studies, which have demonstrated cognitive impairments such as memory loss and executive dysfunction (Murman, 2015; Allott et al., 2016; Rosselli & Torres, 2019). Executive dysfunction involves deficits in cognitive processes such as attention, planning, decision-making, and problem-solving (Diamond, 2013), and is a common symptom seen in various neurological diseases (Amanzio et al., 2020). The frequency and severity of executive dysfunction can vary depending on the specific disease (Hanna-Pladdy, 2007). Incorporating cognitive assessments and screening tools into routine clinical practice is essential for the early detection and management of these conditions. By including cognitive assessments as part of the regular evaluation, healthcare professionals can identify cognitive impairments at an earlier stage, allowing for timely interventions and appropriate M 57 Year 2023 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue III Version I ( D ) A © 2023 Global Journals