Global Journal of Medical Research, A: Neurology & Nervous System, Volume 23 Issue 3

V. C onclusion The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the CLOX: an Executive Clock-Drawing Task assessment in the Greek population. The availability of valid and reliable data is crucial in establishing representative performance for cultural elements as well as the disease of interest. Understanding the effectiveness of this assessment can have important implications for clinical and research settings. This investigation included a sample of the Greek population with varying types of diseases. The researchers aimed to make the sample as representative as possible of most age ranges. The study recruited participants from multiple clinical settings and ensured that individuals with MCI, dementia, MS, and SLE were included. The internal consistency and construct validity of the CLOX assessment provide strong evidence for its reliability and validity. This suggests that the CLOX assessment can be a valuable tool in clinical settings for diagnosing and monitoring individuals with MCI, dementia, MS, and SLE. However, it is important to note that our study had certain limitations. One limitation of our study is that we relied on specific neuropsychological tools, which may introduce potential bias, a more comprehensive approach to neuropsychological tests could have provided a more holistic understanding of cognitive functioning and psychosocial impact. Future studies could consider incorporating a wider range of assessments to capture the complexity of these disorders. Additionally, it used a relatively small sample size. These limitations should be considered when interpreting the results. Prior research, however, has explored the disease of MS, SLE, dementia, and MCI from a more holistic neuropsychological perspective, revealing the complex consequences of these disorders on cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, quality of life, and functional skills. Studies on MS, for example, have looked at comprehensive neuropsychological assessments that include cognitive testing, emotional assessment, and functional evaluation to capture the disease's cognitive and psychosocial impact (Benedict et al., 2017; Goverover et al., 2016). These studies frequently look at the connections between cognitive deficits, mood disorders, fatigue, and quality of life measurements in people with MS. Regarding SLE, studies have mainly focused on cognitive functioning, psychological welfare, and disease-related factors. Comprehensive neuropsychological batteries, as well as measures of depression, anxiety, disease activity, and quality of life, may be used in these investigations (Hanly et al., 2009; 2010). However, the goal is to comprehend the cognitive and psychosocial consequences of SLE as a primary factor in the disease onset, and also to understand link factors to the disease progress. In the case of dementia and MCI, holistic methods of neuropsychological examinations strive to capture cognitive functioning, functional abilities, mood abnormalities, and quality of life in these patients. Comprehensive assessment batteries, which include measures of cognition, functional abilities, psychiatric symptoms, and well-being, have been studied to provide a holistic understanding of an individual's cognitive decline and its impact on daily functioning (Hussenoeder et al., 2020). In the same way, there have been numerous research conducted to investigate the sex differentiations in cognitive abilities. It is crucial to acknowledge that although there are certain overarching patterns, there are significant individual variations within each sex category, and any detected disparities should not be taken as indicative of an individual's skills. Unfortunately, a notable variation in participant numbers between males and females is evident in this study. The past decade has seen a significant increase in studies on sex differences in executive function, particularly those using functional neuroimaging. Despite this growing body of knowledge, the effects of sex on executive function are still poorly understood due to methodological variability in executive function task selection, participant inclusion and exclusion criteria, and scanning procedures (Gaillard, Fehring & Rossell, 2021). A significant review suggested that the executive functions of monitoring, response inhibition, and cognitive shifting as executive function domains present differentiations, however, there is a need for further investigation. It is imperative to acknowledge this constraint to account for the impact of health, societal, and cultural influences on sex variations in cognitive test performance, especially in the discussed diseases. This study encompassed individuals ranging in age from 18 to 90 years old. The researchers tried to get a representative sample that covered each phase of human life. The aim of validating this specific psychometric tool is to enable its application in individuals diagnosed with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, or those suspected to have a decline in executive function. The purpose is to assess the individual's abilities in executive functioning by evaluating their approach to what was given to them. The participants are examined on variables that indicate the presence of adverse signs of planning, organization, initiation, and cognitive flexibility. Consequently, a well- executed clock drawing may suggest intact executive functioning, while errors or omissions may indicate executive dysfunction. Furthermore, the inclusion of participants from different age groups, including both younger and older individuals, enables researchers to discern patterns of cognitive performance across various stages of development. Also, including younger and older participants allows researchers to identify developmental trends in cognitive performance. For example, they can observe how executive functioning skills develop in young adults and whether they decline 65 Year 2023 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue III Version I ( D ) A © 2023 Global Journals Reliability and Validity Evaluation of the ‘’CLOX: An Executive Clock Drawing Task’’ in a Greek Population with Neurological and Autoimmune Diseases