Global Journal of Medical Research, F: Diseases, Volume 23 Issue 2

A Cancer Prevention and Treatment Opportunity Vladimir N. Pak “The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expect that his advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His work is like that of the planter—for the future. His duty is to lay the foundation for those who are to come and point the way.” Nikola Tesla Abstract- Cancer disease results from mutations leading to apoptosis failure and immune system dysfunction. Because one in two people in developed counties will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes, cancer and metastasis prevention should be ahead of therapies. The immune system in cancer patients is compromised and can be fixed with a reboot. The major oncofetal protein – alpha-fetoprotein – can deliver toxins instead of nutrients to the immune suppressor cells and kill them. The death of myeloid suppressor cells unleashes the immune attack on cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and metastases. Injectable and oral formulations of alpha- fetoprotein with toxins provide an opportunity to prevent and treat the disease. Keywords: alpha-fetoprotein, myeloid suppressor cells, cancer prevention, metastases, cancer stem cell, immunotherapy, NK cell. I. I ntroduction From the fertilized egg, trillions of cells grow through duplications. Stem cells are deposited on the way. When stimulated to increase, a stem cell is undergoing an “asymmetric division” [3]. The proliferating daughter cell continues to divide and proceed down the tissue hierarchy, from stem cell to progenitor cell, before becoming a fully differentiated mature tissue cell. Multiple types of stem cells have been identified in a wide range of tissue, sharing multipotency characteristics. Author: Freelance Researcher, Toronto, Canada. e-mail: oncoshut@gmail.com In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) exist undifferentiated. They are at the peak of a blood cell differentiation hierarchy. The white blood cell ratio is neutrophils (70%)> lymphocytes> monocytes> eosinophils> basophils. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a small heterogeneous cell population of immature myeloid progenitors of MDSCs can leave the bone marrow and spread throughout the body, becoming immune response calmers during pregnancy, cancer, regeneration, stress, autoimmune and infectious diseases, obesity, age, etc.[5]. Besides the bone marrow, other sites generate MDSCs: the placenta and umbilical cord, the tumor site, and the spleen [6]. MDSCs exist in an undifferentiated state at the peak of the immune cell’s hierarchy. They affect innate and adaptive immunity cells directly and indirectly. MDSCs inhibit natural killer (NK) cells, DCs, and T-cells, induce regulatory T cells (T regs) and modulate macrophages, etc. [7-9]. Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon that ensures the survival of the species. An embryo turns off a critical pathway required for the immune system to attack intruders. The suppression of the immune response in pregnancy is robust since the embryo cells have half the father’s proteins that the mother's immune system should recognize as foreign. Moreover, even surrogate motherhood is possible, with no genetic 7 Year 2023 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue II Version I ( D ) F © 2023 Global Journals granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) at different stages of differentiation generated from a common HSC [4]. In 1862 Rudolf Virchow was the first to link the origin of cancers from otherwise normal cells correctly: “every cell arises from another cell.” Indeed, 5% of tumor-causing mutations are inherited, and tumor cells are activated later in life, while 66% of tumor-causing mutations appear during duplications [2]. According to the hierarchical model, the tumor grows from a single cell. Like in embryogenesis, a core group of stem cells exists at the top of the tumor hierarchy, from which other more differentiated cells are formed. Descending from the undifferentiated cells to the most mature cells that comprise the bulk of the tumor mass. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells with characteristics associated with normal stem cells; specifically, give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. Approximately 73% of current CSC surface markers appear on embryonic or adult stem cells and are rarely expressed on normal tissue cells. It is believed that the elimination of CSCs could eradicate whole cancer [10]. urgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can cure about half of cancer patients; nevertheless, in the United States alone, nearly 600,000 people died last year. The US cancer death rate has fallen 33% since 1991, partly due to advances in treatment, early detection, and less smoking [1]. It is better to prevent cancer before than to cure the disease after. A healthy environment and lifestyle can prevent only 29% of cancer-causing mutations [2], while everyone needs cancer prophylactics. Each day apoptosis and the immune system erase billions of mutants and expired cells. The immune system is confused in cancer patients. There is an opportunity to prevent early-stage cancer or metastases by rebooting the immune system with a unique delivery vehicle—alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and toxins. S