Global Journal of Medical Research, J: Dentistry and Otolaryngology, Volume 23 Issue 1

It is generally found that most dental restorations need to be replaced every 5 years (ADACSA, 2003; Kingston, 2013; Araugo, et al., 2019). New methods and practitioner training can increase the life of the filling according to research by Benetti, et al., 2021. IV. G enetic V ariation in I mmune R esponse and T ooth R esistance Susceptibility to tooth decay depends also on genetics, for example by the spatial arrangement of hydroxyapatite microcrystals in the enamel (Ceve, et al., 1980). Genetic factors are complicated by a number of environmental factors that are difficult to control, yet twin studies have helped elucidate these variations (Wang, et al., 2012). While the ability of teeth to fight off infection and damage by bacteria of different species, there are obvious means of this process that involve the immune system (Athanasiadou, et al, 2018). Deposition of secondary dentin (sometimes called “adventitious” dentin, and dentinal sclerosis are responses of the tooth to irritation and caries (Shafer, et al., 1969). Success of such a response to fight off infection and repair the tooth on a population level is unknown. One factor here is the lack of comprehensive epidemiological studies of dental pathology and treatment outcomes. Present analysis is often based on National Center for Health Statistics (1978; 1979) from the 1970s (Institute of Medicine, 1980). The 2011 Report of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies characterized the information available on efficacy and treatment as: “Concerns have been expressed about the quality of care provided in alternative settings or by new types of professionals, but data on the quality of care and long- term outcomes related to the provision of care by all types of oral health care professionals are almost wholly lacking.” (IM, Report, 2011, 9). V. C onclusion A study of adults and children today after the end of regular dental regimes in the population at large in a country would provide a substantial advance in our understanding of the process and could also identify genotypes that provide greatest protection. Current conditions of Covid-19 quarantine and distance limits of contact have produced a unique opportunity to study the efficacy of dental procedures, especially regarding restorations. The outcome of such research might effect changes in practice that could be beneficial to dental science and practice and cost to patients. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Tingley, Kim (2021) “The pandemic was bad for our teeth. Will it change oral health forever ?” The New 2 Year Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue I Version I ( D ) 2023 J © 2023 Global Journals Covid-19 Quarantine and Dental Care: Patterns for Change York Times Magazine, May 19, https://www.nytimes. com/2021/05/19/magazine/the-pandemic-was-bad- for-our-teeth-will-it-change-oral-health-forever.html. 2. Stepko, Barbara (2021) “Get your dental care back,” AARP Oct. 1, https://www.aarp.org/health/healthy- living/info-2021/pandemic-impact-on-teeth.html. 3. Al-Masri, Ahmad, Mohamed H. Abudrya, Christian H. Splieth, Julian Schmoeckel, Mhd Said Mourad, et al., (2021), How did the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown affect dental emergency care in children? Retrospective study in a specialized pedodontic center,” Quintessence Int., Sept 9, v. 52, n 9, 788- 796. 4. Shafer, William G., Maynard K. Hine and Barnet M. Levy, (`1969) A Textbook of Oral Pathology, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. 5. Jabr, Ferris (2019) “The truth about dentistry,” The Atlantic , May, https://www.theatlantic.com/maga- zine/archive/2019/05/the-trouble-with-dentistry/586- 039/. 6. Dhar, Vineet (2016) “Evidence-based dentistry: an overview,” Contemp. Clin. Dent. July-Sept, v. 7, (3): 293-294. 7. Ana R. Benetti, Johan Jacobsen, Benedict Lehnhoff, Niels C. R. Momsen, Denis V. Okhrimenko, Mark T. F. Telling, Nikolay Kardjilov, Markus Strobl, Tilo Seydel, Ingo Manke, Heloisa N. Bordallo. How mobile are protons in the structure of dental glass ionomer cements? Scientific Reports , 2015; 5: 8972 DOI: 10.1038/srep08972 8. Cevc, G., P. Cevc, M. Schara and U. Skaleric, (1980) “The caries resistance of human teeth is determined by the spatial arrangement of hydroxyapatite microcrystals in the enamel,” Nature, July 24, v. 286 (5771): 425-6. 9. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs, (2003) “Direct and indirect restorative materials ,” J. Am Dent Assoc., v. 134 (4): 463-472. 10. Kingston, G. (2013) “The rise and fall of mercury amalgam, “ Prim Dent J ., v. 2, (3)74-5. 11. Araujo, MWB, RD Lipman,, and JA Platt (2019) ., “Amalgam: impact on oral health and the environment must be supported by science,” J. Am Dent Assoc., v. 150 (10) 813-815. 12. Wang, Xiaojing, Marcia C. Willing, Mary L. Marazita, Steve Wendell, John J. Warren, et al., (2012) “Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: The Iowa Fluoride study, “ Caries Res ., v. 46 (3) 177-184. 13. Athanasiadou, E., Paschalidou, M., Theocharidou, A., Kontoudakis, N., Arapostathis, K., and Bakopoulou, A. 2018. Biological interactions of a calcium silicate based cement (Biodentine™) with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Dent. Mater. 34: 1797–813. doi: 10.1016/ j.dental.2018.09.014.