Global Journal of Medical Research, K: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 1

penetrates into and is substituted by two other branches, which are divided into sub-branches and transport food to the diaphragm. Then, passing by the pericardium, it sends many large branches, which (eventually) branch out as capillaries and feed it. 23 A large branch ( v. cava inferior ) reaches the heart and penetrates the right atrial ear ( u ḏ un al-qalb al- ayman ) It is then divided into two units: 24 . This blood vessel is the largest of the heart. This one is larger than the others because the other blood vessels are responsible for sucking out the breath ( an-nas ī m ), which is used to deliver nutrients. And the nutrient is much fuller than the intake air. It is, therefore necessary that the opening of the blood vessel carrying it be wider and that the blood vessel be larger. This blood vessel, as it enters the heart, is replaced by three valves ( a ġ šiya ṯ al āṯ a ) 25 This vein is replaced by three blood vessels which, passing by the heart, rise from it to the right ventricle and travel towards the lungs, close to the left (ventricle) where the arteries originate). , the lid of which ( masqafuh ā ) moves from the inside outwards and the outside, so that it can draw food from them as the heart expands. Then (the blood vessel) does not return (to its original state) after extension ( al-inbis āṭ ). Its membranes (its valves) are the most robust. 26 1. The wall of one of the vessels (out of three) is bilaye r 27 like the arteries, called the vena arteriosa (arterial-like vein) pulmonary artery. ( al-war ī d aš- širy ā n ī / truncus pulmonalis , a. pulmonalis ) 28 Its primary merit is that the blood sprayed from it is so infinitely delicate, a delicacy similar to the essence of the lungs. This blood is taken directly from the heart, meaning that it does not mature in the same way as the blood that flows in the arteria venosa ( aš- širy ā n al-war ī d ī / v. pulmonalis , (venous artery) (pulmonary vein) . 29 2. The second branch ( v. Cordis Magna ) of these three travels around the heart and is then sprayed inside the heart to nourish it. It happens ( sinus coronarius ), where the empty vein sinks into the right atrium. The secondary merit is that the blood is perfectly worth it. 3. The third branch ( v. hemiazygos accessoria ) 30 As for the blood vessel starting from the opening of the empty vei n leans to the left in humans, then turns to the fifth vertebrae, rests on it, and gives branches to the lower eight ribs and the muscles and organs close to it. 31 ( v. cava superior ), having passed three valves 32 it rises and reaches the base of the heart, then it leaves the heart and produces hair-thin 12 Year 2022 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXII Issue I Version I ( D ) K © 2022 Global Journals Basics of the Medieval Arabic Medicine: The Vascular Systems in the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna Incorporating a Translation of a Part of the First Book diaphragm, with the right phrenic nerve ( n.phrenicus dexter ), and in the company of the right pericardiac phrenicartery ( a. pericardiaco phrenica dextra ). 23 The inferior venacava after leaving the liver, drills through the diaphragm, then the pericardium and flows into the right atrium. No other veins arrive at this stage. The vein running parallel to it on the rightside, on the otherhand, receives smaller veins from several places, including the pericardium. The azygos vein begins on the rightside of the lumbar vertebrae like ascending lumbarvein, take supveins from several places, then close to the heart flows into superior venacava before it penetrates the right atrium.The description of inferior venacava thus passes into the description of another vein. The unnamed vein that replaces the posterior empty vein in the diaphragm is the azygos vein. 24 The ear ( auricula, sinus venarum cavarum ) is a finger-like extension of the atrium that is separated from the real atrium by a border groove ( sulcus terminalis ). The atrium consists of two parts: a lowers mooth- walled part and an upper uneven-walled part to which the ear is attached. The two ears surround the arteries from the ventricles. During relaxation, it is filled with blood and then empties when it contracts. According to some ancient authors (Aristotle, Galen) and the medieval Arabic idea, the heart has three cavities. In addition to the two large ventricles, which probably included the smooth-walled lower part of the atria, this is the lower atrium, or “small ventricle,” that functions as a blood store, the third ventricle of the heart. (Ibn S ī n ā 1987: Volume 2 / Book 2 1195) 25 It is a tricuspid valve at the atrial-ventricular boundary (tricuspidal). The lower main collection blood vessel ( v. cava inferior ) has only a rudimentary valve to prevent backflow. And the upper main blood vessel has no valve. The description that “three valves take its place” or “replaced by three valves” ( yata ẖ allafu lahu a ġ šiya ṯ al āṯ a ) can be interpreted as meaning that the vein ends here. 26 Wa h āḏ a al-waridu ya ẖ lufu ʻ inda mu ḥāḏā tal-qalbi ʻ ur ū qan ṯ al āṯ atan ta ṣī ru minhu il ā ar-ri ʼ ati (Ibn S ī n ā 1987: Vol. 2/ Book 2/ 1195 p.) The blood vessels described have no connection to the incoming inferior venacava. One of the blood vessels departing from the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery ( a. pulmonalis ), exits the right ventricle by leaning toward the left atrium. The blood vessel (2nd) traveling around the heart is the heart's own blood vessel. The largest of the veins of the heart is the v. Cordis Magna , running upwards on the anterior surface of the ventricles. In the sulcus coronarius it turns to the left and dilates like a coronary sinus and opens into the right atrium. The other veins in the heart either open directly into the atriumor flow into the coronary sinus. 27 Each artery and vein has a three-layered, i.e. triple. The layers of the arteries may not vary in number, only in their complexity depending on how close or far they are from the heart. These layers are not visible to the naked eye. There are no valves in the arteries, this is also true for large collecting blood vessels. The cross section of the arteries is circular and that of the veins is elongated. According to the Arabic description, al-war ī d aš-širy ā n ī –pulmonary artery bilayer, like the’real arteries,’ aš-širy ā n al-war ī d ī –pulmonary vein, unlike ’real arteries,’ is single-layered. The pulmonary artery opens from the arterial mouth of the right ventricle, the onset of which is conically dilated ( conus arteriosus ). There are three crescent-shaped valves here, just like at the left ventricular artery, where the aorta exits the heart ( bulbus aortae ). In this feature, the two blood vessels is similar. 28 Fonahn, serial number 3343. In the description of al-Ma ǧū s ī this blood vessel is called al- ʻ irq aš-širy ā n ī . 29 Fonahn, serial number 2988. In the description of al-Ma ǧū s ī this blood vessel is called aš-širy ā n al- ʻ irq ī . 30 Only one bloodvessel exits the right ventricle ( truncus pulmonalis ), which divides to the right half and lefthalf of the lungs ( a. pulmonaris dextra et sinistra ), and three blood vessels enter ( vena cava inferior, vena cava superior, v. Cordis Magna ). Therefore, I think that the third blood vessel described here does not actually exit the ventricle, but from behind the heart, and goes down from the 1st rib to the 7th rib, past the spinal vertebrae, and then passes to the rightside at the 8th vertebra and flow into the azygos vein. Its collection area is the posterior body wall, posterior pericardial surface, esophagus, and lungroots ( vv. bronchiales ). 31 The medieval author probably considers the superior vena cava (which actually arrives from above, from the lungs) departing the right atrium to be the continuation of the inferior vena cava ending here. 32 Right venous mouth, tricuspid valve.