Global Journal of Medical Research, K: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 1

The third branch is the largest of the three, moving from the upper arm towards the hand, called al-ib ṭī ( v. basilica ) . 47 The blood vessel that remains from the first branch (the other branch of the v. brachiocephalica ) and one of the branches ( v. subclavia ) gives this many branch that moves upwards towards the neck. 48 However, before it penetrates deep into the neck, it splits into two branches. One is the external jugular vein ( al-wid āǧ a ẓ - ẓā hir ) ( v. jugularis externa ) 49 and the other is the internal jugular vein ( al-wid āǧ al- ġā ’ir ) ( v. jugularis interna ). 50 1. One branch, as soon as it separates (from the main branch), turns forward and to the side. ( v. jugularis externa anterior ) The outer jugular vein, as it rises from the clavicle, splits into two branches: 2. The other branch first turns forward and then moves down. It then grows, becoming visible a second time at the clavicle. It bypasses the collarbone and then rises and becomes visible on the neck until it reaches the first branch and merges with it. ( v. jugularis externa posterior ) The two of them will become the known external jugular vein. Before the two join, two branches separate from it: One turns to the center, and then, at the meeting point of the two clavicles, inside, the two branches meet. The other branch moves diagonally around the neck visibly and does not meet any other blood vessels after that. From this pair of blood vessels (an internal, and external jugular vein) many veins branch out like cobwebs that can no longer be distinguished ( taf ū t al- ḥ ass ). From the second pair of blood vessels (external jugular vein) three identifiable veins separate that are significant. The rest cannot be explored. One of these identifiable veins extends to the shoulder and is called al-katif ī / al-kitf ī ( v. cephalica antebrachii ) . 51 From there continues the al-q ī f ā l ( v. cephalica ) 52 47 Fonahn, serial number 1612. 48 This branch is not moving upwards, but another: v. jugularis externa . 49 Fonahn, serial number 3585. 50 Fonahn, serial number 3586. Arriving in the right atrium two large bloodvessels flow into the superior vena cava, one from the rightside ( v. brachiocephalica dextra ) and the other from the leftside ( v. brachiocephalica sinistra ). Both branches are connected by two large bloodvessels froma bove: one is the vein under the collarbone ( v. subclavia ) and the other is the internal jugular vein ( v. jugularis interna ). The external jugular vein ( v. jugularis externa ) arrives at first into the internal jugular vein or into the subclavian vein and only then into the brachiocephalic vein. 51 Fonahn, serial number 1764. 52 Fonahn, serial number 2710. and two more veins on either side of it ( v. brachialis and v. basilica ) that accompany it to the tip of the shoulder ( ra’s al-katif ). One of them closes before reaching the end of the shoulder, but gives branches towards the direction of the shoulder. Of the two blood vessels, the one that passes in the anterior part ( al-mutaqaddim ) reaches the apex of the shoulder at the top of the upper arm ( il ā ra’s al- ‘a ḍ ud ) and branches there. The al-katif ī / al-kitf ī ( v. cephalica ) is reached by both blood vessels together at the back of the hand. The external jugular vein, as soon as it separates into branches, splits again in two, and one of these latter penetrates deep into the upper jaw ( v. maxillaris ) in the form of thin branches. The other unit is much larger and branches off at the jawbone ( v. linguofacialis , v. facialis ). Both blood vessels give components around the tongue and outside the jaw muscles. The branch in the upper jaw appears close to the surface and units in the head and ear areas. 53 The internal jugular vein ( al-wid āǧ al- ġā ’ir ) ( v. jugularis interna ) passes by the esophagus and rises straight next to it . 54 In its way, it gives branche s 55 that mix with the branches coming from the external jugular vein ( al-wid āǧ a ẓ - ẓā hir ) ( v. jugularis externa ). Each vessel is subdivided into other branches at the esophagus ( al-mar ī ’ ) and the larynx ( al- ḥ an ǧ ara ) ( v. pharyngealis ) and all deep-seated muscles. The end of the blood vessels penetrates the end of the lambda suture ( ad-darz al-l ā m ī ) 56 ( sutura lambdoidea ) of the skull, 57 where branches are given, and some of these branches are distributed between the first and second vertebrae. 58 Of these, a hair-thin blood vessel reaches the joint between the head and the neck ( v. cervicalis transversalis ), and from there the blood vessels start toward the membrane covering the skull ( v. jugularis posterior externa ). The blood vessels reach the junction of the two skull bones and there they dig into the inside 14 Year 2022 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXII Issue I Version I ( D ) K © 2022 Global Journals 5.4.3 Basics of the Medieval Arabic Medicine: The Vascular Systems in the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna Incorporating a Translation of a Part of the First Book 53 The facial vein ( v. facialis ) is the main superficial drainage vein of the face. It forms around the innercorner of the eye (here is the v. angularis ) from the smaller veins of the forehead ( v. trochlearis superior ), the back of the nose ( v. orbitalis superior ), the eyelids and the anterior cavity. The main drainage vein of the deeper layers of the face is the v. retromandibularis . It develops on the innerside of the parotidgland in the trench below the temporal bone, at the confluence of v. temporalis superficialis and v. maxillaris .Its main collectionarea is the area around the deep mastication muscles. Going downwards like v. retromandibularis lateralis , flow with the facial vein and as v. facialis communis flows in internal jugular vein. 54 The internal jugular vein originates in the posterior part of the foramen jugulare based on the skull. A broad, sac-like vein that travels almost vertically down the neck in a common connective tissues heath with the internal carotid artery ( a. carotis interna ) and with the vagus nerve ( nervus vagus ). With a lower dilation ( bulbus venae jugularis inferior ) behind the upper part of the clavicle (in the angulus venosus ), flows to the subclavian vein. 55 On the onehand, the brain transports venous blood through the foramen jugulare, and on the otherhand, it collects the venous branches of the hard meninges, inner ear, pharynx, larynx, by v. retromandibularis anterior and by v. facialis communis . 56 Fonahn, serial numbers 1110, 1111: ’ derez – sutura’ The Arabic daraza, yadruzu, darzun means’sew’. 57 Here is the opening ( foramen jugulare ) from which the internal jugular vein exits the skull. 58 The internal jugular vein flows into the subclavian vein. Its collection area does not cover the area behind the ear and the nape of the neck, only the deeper areas of the whole head and neck. That is, the branches mentioned in the Arabic text belong to the external jugular vein.