Global Journal of Medical Research, K: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 1

of the head. The other branches also penetrate deep into the head at the end of the lambda suture, and then additional components are inserted into the two meninges ( ġ iš ā 'iy ā ad-dim āġ ) to nourish them and to connect the hard meninges ( al- ġ iš ā ’ a ṣ - ṣ ulb )(dura mater) with what is around and above it. 59 He then rises to feed the membrane covering the skull ( al- ḥ i ǧā b al- mu ǧ allil lil-qi ḥ f ). It then travels down from the soft meninges ( al- ġ iš ā ’ ar-raq ī q ) to the brain ( ad-dim āġ ) and branches into it like the arteries. The blood collected from the ’thick’ (hard) meninges ( a ṣ - ṣ if ā q a ṯ - ṯ a ẖī n ) is taken to a spacious, open place ( al-fa ḍā ’ ) where the blood contains. From here, it branches off between the two meninges. This big place is called ma ʿṣ ara (torcular Herophili) . 60 As the capillaries approach the central ventricle of the brain ( al-ba ṭ n al-awsa ṭ min ad-dim āġ ) ( ventriculus tertius ), they necessarily become larger blood vessels and are absorbed in the torcular Herophili . 61 Flights branch off from it and then extend further from the central ventricle of the brain to the two anterior chamber s 62 ( al-ba ṭ n ā n al-muqaddim ā n ) ( ventriculus lateralis ). The veins here meet the ascending arteries and form a network known as aš-šabaka al- maš ī m ī ya ( plexus chorioideus , vascular plexus in the ventricles). 63 Anatomy of the veins in the hand s 64 1. One is the ḥ abl a ḏ - ḏ ir ā ' (a vein running upwards on the lateral side of the upper arm, v. cephalica pollicis ) As for al-kitf ī ( al-katif ī ) ( v. cephalica ), it is also known as al-q ī f ā l ( v. cephalica ). The first branches in the skin and at the back of the upper arm ( al- ʻ a ḍ ud ) are separated as it passes parallel to the upper arm. It then splits into three parts near the elbow joint: 65 which extends to the surface of the radius ( az-zand al-'a ʿ l ā ) 66 and then the lateral - wa ḥ š ī ) turns sideways in the direction of the bulging ( ḥ adabat az- zand al-asfal ) . 67 2. The second branch moves towards the elbow bend ( m ʿ a ṭ if al-mirfaq ) on the outside of the forearm ( as- s āʿ id ) and mixes with the extension from al-ib ṭī ( v. basilica ) It is divided into branches at the bottom of the lateral parts of the wrist ( ar-rus ġ ). 68 Two of them will be al-ak ḥ al ( v. nigra, v. mediana cubiti ) . 69 3. The third branch enters (into the upper arm) and there it mixes with the branch also from the al-ib ṭī ( v. basilica ). As for the al-ib ṭī ( v. basilica ) 70 , it first gives branches that dig into the muscle [the muscle of the upper arm], then branch out into it and end there, except for one that reaches the forearm ( as-s āʻ id ). As in v. basilica comes the area around the elbow joint; splits in two 71 1. One of the two branches penetrates deeply and connects to the deep branch of the al-q ī f ā l ( v. cephalica ) : 72 64 The hands are palms forward next to the body. In this baseline, the two bones that makeup the forearm are parallel to each other, so that the radius is on the lateral side, while the ulna is on the medial side (supinatio: parallel position). If the hand is palm backwards, the two bones are transverse to each other (pronatio). Knowledge of this is required to interpret and track the description of blood vessels. 65 Fonahn, serial number 1488. 66 Fonahn, serial number 3683. 67 Fonahn, serial number 3684. 68 v. basilica : basilic vein, medial skin vein of upper limb 69 Between the cephalic vein and the basilic vein there are thick anastomoses in the area of the elbow region, which are superficially located, one of these connecting blood vessels being the v. mediana cubiti . Fonahn, serial number 100. ( vena nigra , black vein) 70 Fonahn, serial number 1612. 71 v. basilica: collects the capillaries of the skin veins of the back of the hand in the ulnar direction. 72 v. cephalica : cephalic vein, the lateral vein of the upperlimb, collecting the skinv eins of the back in the radial direction. on the left side, and then runs next to it for some length before separating again. One of them goes down to the inner side ( al-ins ī y )( medialis ) until it reaches the little finger ( al- ẖ in ṣ ir ), the ring finger ( al-bin ṣ ir ) and half of the middle finger ( al- wusta ). The other branch passes upward and is separated into several parts in the back of the hand. 15 Year 2022 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXII Issue I Version I ( D ) K © 2022 Global Journals Basics of the Medieval Arabic Medicine: The Vascular Systems in the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna Incorporating a Translation of a Part of the First Book 59 The hard meninges ( dura mater ) are fibrous, dense connective tissue discs with endothelial-lined dura ducts (sinuses) in which venous blood flows from the brain. This is the oute rlayer of the brain, under which a layer of loose connective tissue covers the surface of the brain like a „cobweb” ( arachnoidea ). This layer contains no blood vessels. The third meninges ( pia mater ) lie snugly against the surface of the brain, filling all the fissures and ditches (sulcus/sulci), rich in blood vessels. Together with the arachnoidea, they form the soft meninges ( leptomeninx ). 60 Fonahn, serial number 1961. Torcular Herophili is the confluence of venous sinuses at the protruding part nape of the skull. (Connecting point of lateral, sagittal, and occipital venous sinuses.) 61 The internal cerebral veins flow from the right and left into the large cerebral vein ( v. cerebri magna , Galen’s vein) at the upperwall of the 3rd brain chamber. This vein flows into the sinus rectus and then to the connecting point of the cerebral venous sinuses (torcular Herophili). From here it enters a venous sinus ( sinus sigmoideus ) that bends in an “s” shape, from which the blood will be removed from the skull by the internal jugular vein. 62 The lateral ventricles have front, rear and lower horns. Here in the text we are only talking about the front horn. (A more detailed description of the anatomy of the brain can be found in another chapter: Ibn S ī n ā 1987: Volume 2 / Book 3. 807 p.) The two lateral ventricles and the third ventricle between them, are located in the cerebellum. The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle is in the frontal lobe, the posterior horn is in the occipital lobe, and the lower horn is in the temporal lobe. In a horseshoe shape, they surround the third ventricle between the two hemispheres, a narrow cavity between the thalamus and the hypothalamus. Each of the lateral ventricle produces liquor. From the lateral ventricles, the liquor enters the third ventricle, and from there to the fourth one through the ducts and openings between the ventricles. 63 Fonahn, serial number 2957.