Global Journal of Medical Research, K: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 1

the inside out. 93 If there were only one or two valves here, it would not be enough to do its exercise just by increasing its size. It would be difficult to move the two valves. And if there were four valves here, they would have to be very small, unable to do their exercise. If they were to increase in size, the path of blood would narrow. The venous artery ( aš-širy ā n al-war ī d ī ) ( v. pulmonalis ) has two valves that turn inward, 94 1. The larger ( a. carotis communis ) goes upwards towards the gum ( al-li ṯṯ a ) and the number of its valves has been reduced to two because it does not require perfect calm. Here, more flexibility is needed to make it easier for fog-like vapors to break out, flow out, and blood to enter the lungs. Anatomy of the ascending artery Of the two branches of the aorta, the ascending branch (truncus brachiocephalicus) becomes bisected. 95 and then turns diagonally to the right until it reaches the soft flesh of the thymus ( al-la ḥ m ar-ra ẖū at-t ūṯī ) . 96 Then it will split into three branches here. Two of these are the two arteries called as-sub ā t ā n ( a. carotis ) 97 and rise to the right side and left side along with the two external jugular veins ( al-wid āǧā n al- ġā ’ir ā n / v. jugularis externa ). The third branch ( a. subclavia dextra ) runs in the sternum ( al-qa ṣṣ / sternum ), in the real ribs ( al-a ḍ l āʿ al-awwal al- ẖ ulla ṣ / costae verae ) 98 , and branches off in the first six cervical vertebrae at the sides of the clavicle ( al-tarq ū wa / clavicula ) 99 to finally reach the tip of the shoulder ( ra ͗ s al-katif / acromion ) 100 2. The smaller branch ( a. subclavia sinistra ) moves towards the armpit ( al-ib ṭ / axilla ) ( a. axillaris ) and then divides into components like the third branch of the more giant. and then the various parts of the palms. 101 Anatomy of the two carotid arteries (aš-širy ā n ā n as- sub ā tiy ā n / a. carotis communis sinistra et dextra) Both carotid arteries split into two branches reaching the end of the neck : 102 1. For an inner branch, [this branch actually belongs to the a. carotis interna ], which extends to the tongue ( al-lis ā n ) and the inner half of the jaw muscle ( al-‘a ḍ l al-fakk al-’asfal / musculus masseter ) ( a. maxillaris interna ). an external (goes in front) ( a. carotis externa ) and an internal (goes at the rear) ( a. carotis interna ). The branch in front ( a. carotis externa ) splits in two: 2. An outer branch which rises upwards to the anterior half of the ears ( qudd ā m al-u ḏ unayn ) to the temporal muscles ( ʿ a ḍ l a ṣ - ṣ ud ġ ayn ) ( a. temporalis superficialis ) and leaves many branches in them while the top of the head ( qullat ar-ra's ). Here, at the top of the head, the blood vessels originating in the right side and the left side respectively come together. The posterior branch ( a. carotis interna ) 103 1. Most of the smaller branches move backward and branches into the muscle surrounding the joint of the head. The rest turns towards the posterior base of the brain ( q āʿ ida mu’a ẖẖ ar ad-dim āġ ), inward into the old hole ( ṯ aqb ‘a ẓī m ) is also divided into two parts: 104 at the lambda seam ( ad- darz al-l ā m ī ) . 105 2. The more giant then enters the hole in front of the spot, which is in the clavicle ( al-‘a ẓ m al- ḥ a ǧ ar ī / pars petrosa ossis temporalis ) 106 and continues towards the miracle net ( aš-šabaka / rete mirabile ). 107 brachial artery ( a. brachialis ), in the forearm it is divided into radial artery ( a. radialis ) and ulnar artery ( a. ulnaris ) and then finally reaches the palm of the hand. 102 The common carotid artery branches off at the lingual bone into an outside and an inside branch: external carotid artery ( a. carotis externa ) and internal carotid artery ( a. carotis interna ). This site is at the third cervical vertebra, at the upper edge of the thyrcartilage. 103 The internal carotid artery actually travels without branching into the skull, where it is divided into several branches and is involved in the blood supply to the brain. 104 The two carotises have a separate entrance opening into the skull, not through the ’bighole’ ( foramen occipitali magnum ), but through two small openings (right and left) next to the ’bighole.’ They enter the temporal bone through the foramen caroticum (through canalis caroticus ) at the base of the pars petrosa belonging to the temporal bone. 105 The lambda suture attaches the occipital bone to the two wall bones of the skull. ( sutura lambdoidea ) 106 Fonahn, serial number 535. From 107 Fonahn, serial number 2956. The term rete mirabile was coined by Galen, who discovered the division of the internal right and left carotid arteries in some species of animals, but not in human. Joseph Hyrtl wrote about this: Dieses Rete mirabile existirt wirklich, aber nicht im Menschen, sondern bei den Katzen, Schweinen, Delphinen, und besonders entwickelt bei den Wiederkäuern, wo es seiner Grösse und seines Reichtums wegen. (Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Spracheder Gegenwart. Wien, 1880: 450 p.) The internal carotid artery lacking in cow’s brain (ruminate), but is 19 Year 2022 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XXII Issue I Version I ( DD ) K © 2022 Global Journals Basics of the Medieval Arabic Medicine: The Vascular Systems in the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna Incorporating a Translation of a Part of the First Book 93 The aorta originates from the left arterial mouth and has 3 semilunar heart valves that originate in the inner perimeter of the mouth and open outward from the heart. 94 The pulmonary vein opens into the left venous mouth, enters the left ventricle through two cuspidal valves. The heart valves open inwards towards the ventricle. 95 Fonahn, serial number 266. The meaning of “gum” is difficult to interpret here, but the word means only that, in other dictionaries as well. 96 Fonahn, serial number 1812. The thymus gland (thymus) is located above the heart, where the large blood vessels enter and exit the heart. The thymus leans against the base (upper part) of the heart, behind the grip of the sternum. In Arabic, "raspberry-like loose flesh." 97 Fonahn, 2986, serial numbers 2987. Three arteries branch from the aortic arch: truncus brachiocephalicus , a. carotis communis sinistra and a. subclavia sinistra . The truncus brachiocephalicus then splits in two, and these are the a. carotis communis dextra and the a. subclavia dextra . So the rightside of the two common carotid arteries does not branch directly from the aorta, but starts from the brachiocephalic trunk towards the head. 98 Fonahn, serialnumber 1136. 99 Fonahn, serialnumber 3226. 100 Fonahn, serialnumber 3226. 101 From the subclavian artery ( a. subclavia ) to the armpit will be axillary artery ( a. axillaris ), then moving on to the upper arm called