Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, E: Civil & Structural, Volume 23 Issue 2

in different regions, while complete planes are shaped in other regions, with no common convention between the two formulations. The presented results show that both SESO-3D and VFLSM-3D are able to provide the prediction of the load transfer mechanism in reinforced concrete structures, even considering the structural domain thickness in the configuration of the component elements of the models. Fig. 22: Single Corbel: Project Domain Fig. 23: Single Corbel, optimal topology: (a) e (b) SESO (c) and (d) VFLSM The STMs are presented in Fig. 24, it can be seen that these models are different and capable of clearly representing the location of the struts, ties and nodal zones. These results can be compared with those presented by [16] and [26]. It is also highlighted that the parameters of the MMA optimizer were changed to ≤ 0.98 , ≤ 1.25 e ≤ 0.75 proportion a more feasible topology for design. Fig. 24b shows the optimal setting of the VFLSM used for automatic creation of the STM models; both formulations exhibit distinct tensile (blue) and compressed (green) regions, even in the width of the structural domain. Table 1 highlights the computational cost of SESO and VFSLM in all the examples presented in this paper evidencing the better performance for SESO-OC and SESO-MMA compared to VFLSM-MMA. © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) E Volume XxXIII Issue II Version I 37 Year 2023 Topology Optimization: Applications of VFLSM and SESO in the Generation of Three-Dimensional Strut-and-Tie Models