Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, E: Civil & Structural, Volume 23 Issue 2

Fig. 24: Single Corbel, Strut-and-tie model: (a) SESO; (b) VFSLM Table 1: Strut-and-tie Models and Computational Cost Structure Computation al Cost (minute) (SESO-OC) Computational Cost (minute) (SESO-MMA) Computational Cost (minute) (VFLSM) Strut-and-tie Models Deep beam with opening 90.7 109.8 229.81 Pile Cap 21.4 38.0 64.2 Bridge pier 57.9 95.0 159.3 Bridge pier with three holes 56.5 95.9 158.6 Single Corbel 45.4 71.9 103.7 Global Journal of Researches in Engineering © 2023 Global Journals ( ) E Volume XxXIII Issue II Version I 38 Year 2023 Topology Optimization: Applications of VFLSM and SESO in the Generation of Three-Dimensional Strut-and-Tie Models