Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, E: Civil & Structural, Volume 23 Issue 2

different material properties in tension and compression. Struct Multidisc Optim 44, 247–258 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-011-0633-z. 46. Kong FK, Sharp GR. Structural idealization for deep beams with web openings. Magazine Concrete Res 1977; 29:81–91. 47. Simonetti, H. L.; Almeida, V. S.; de Assis das Neves, F.; Del Duca Almeida, V.; de Oliveira Neto, L. Reliability-Based Topology Optimization: An Extension of the SESO and SERA Methods for Three-Dimensional Structures. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4220. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094220. © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) E Volume XxXIII Issue II Version I 41 Year 2023 Topology Optimization: Applications of VFLSM and SESO in the Generation of Three-Dimensional Strut-and-Tie Models