Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, G: Industrial Engineering, Volume 23 Issue 2

Investigating the Effects of Load and Deceleration on Non-Pneumatic Tire Deformation and Stress during Braking Rahman Wijaya α , Faizal Adinegoro σ , Muslim Mahardika ρ & Rachmat Sriwijaya Ѡ - The Non- that was introduced in 2005 and had the potential to replace traditional tires. Unlike conventional tires, the NPT uses flexible rods called spokes instead of air to maintain its shape. Several spoke models, such as tweel, honeycomb, and Bridgestone designs, have been developed and tested for static loads using numerical analysis. In this study, the behavior of the NPT was investigated under braking forces. The finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate load results, and the deformation of the NPT was measured with variations in load deformation in the NPT increased with higher loads or deceleration values. I. I ntroduction he tire is a critical component of a vehicle. It is the only part that makes contact with the road surface and enables the engine's rotation to be converted into axial motion. The most commonly used type of tire is the pneumatic tire, which is filled with pressurized air to produce a certain level of stiffness that can be adjusted to meet the vehicle's needs. However, pneumatic tires have a well-known weakness: they can lose pressure due to air leaks or bursting, rendering the tire unusable. To address this issue, researchers have developed non-pneumatic tires (NPTs), which have been extensively studied since their introduction in 2005 [1]. Several spoke geometries had been proposed for NPTs, including the tweel, honeycomb, and Bridgestone designs [2]. According to previous research, the honeycomb structure provides more evenly distributed contact pressure, low rolling resistance, and high load capacity, making it a promising option for NPTs [3] and [4]. However, it is still unclear how NPTs will perform under dynamic loads, such as hard braking, and what types of stresses the spokes will experience [5]. In addition, maintaining a safe distance between vehicles is crucial for safe driving, especially during sudden braking. Vehicle weight, the center of gravity, coefficient of friction, wheelbase length, and other factors all play a role in determining the stopping distance of a vehicle [6]. The standard safe distance between cars at a given speed can be found in traffic safety guidelines [7]. Overall, the development of NPTs holds great potential for overcoming the weaknesses of conventional pneumatic tires. Further research is needed to obtain the benefits and potential drawbacks of NPTs, particularly under dynamic load conditions. II. L iterature Recent studies have further emphasized the importance of maintaining a safe distance between vehicles. Muslim and Itoh (2019) investigated driver behavior during overtaking maneuvers, which can be particularly dangerous for drivers who fail to maintain a safe following distance. Benterki et al. (2021) developed a method for estimating driver intention to facilitate autonomous vehicles' safe and comfortable operation. Fountas et al. (2020) found that visibility-related weather conditions can significantly affect the severity of crashes, highlighting the importance of maintaining a safe following distance in adverse weather conditions. Bunn et al. (2003) reviewed area-wide traffic calming measures for preventing traffic-related injuries, highlighting the importance of reducing speeds and providing clear signage and road markings to help drivers maintain a safe following distance. The study by Feng et al. (2010) provides an in- depth exploration of the factors involved in calculating following safe distances and offers a new approach to addressing this important aspect of traffic safety. Tang (2017) investigates the impact of different vehicle operating parameters on braking distance, such as speed, brake force, road surface conditions, and vehicle load, which significantly impact braking distance. Overall, the literature highlights the continued importance of maintaining a safe following distance for driving safety and suggests further research on the topic to understand better the impact of various factors on driving behavior and safety. T Author α σ ρ Ѡ : Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. e-mails: rahmanwi@mail.ugm.ac.id , faisal.adinegoro@mail.ugm.ac.id , muslim_mahardika@ugm.ac.id , sriwijaya@gadjahmada.edu © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Volume XxXIII Issue II Version I 13 Year 2023 ( ) G Abstract Keywords: non-pneumatic tire (NPT), finite element method (FEM), braking forces, deformation, stress. and deceleration values. Results showed that stress and pneumatic tire (NPT) is a unique tire design