Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 22 Issue 1

Relationship between Temperature and the Holding Force of an Electromagnet in a Changing Magnetic Field Ana Lorena Abstract- This quantitative research study was conducted to illustrate the relationship between temperature and the holding force of an electromagnet in a changing magnetic field. To answer this question, an electromagnet was connected to the direct current while being heated to different temperatures, so as to observe at what temperature a nut attached to the electromagnet would fall off. The results showed that with an increase in the electromagnet’s temperature a lower attractive force is noted. The results also revealed that this relation is linear. The implications of this study could be used to design more energy efficient electromagnets. To what extent does the increase in temperature of an electromagnet, specifically a coil of wire wound on a ferromagnetic core, affect its holding force? I. I ntroduction he explanation of the phenomena of the universe can be reduced to four fundamental forces: the weak nuclear force together with the strong one, the gravitational and the electromagnetic ones. From these, all others are derived. In particular, research in the field of electromagnetics has given way to a large number of technological advances. His study took a radical turn in the mid-nineteenth century thanks to the work of the Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, who unified the two laws of Gauss, Ampère's law, and Faraday's law with four equations. Thus, Maxwell demonstrated that electricity and magnetism are part of the same phenomenon (Schombert, 2021). The study of electricity is concerned with the phenomena related to the presence of electric charge in matter and its movement. Electric charges have fundamental characteristics: they are conserved, they are quantifiable and they correspond to an antiparticle, whose properties are opposite except for those where there are no opposites, such as mass. It is important to emphasize that the charges are scalar quantities because they do not point in one direction and the term conservation refers to the fact that in a closed system there is no change in the total electric charge (García, 2020). On the other hand, magnetism arises from magnetic fields, generated by electric currents or by the magnetic dipole moment. This, in turn, is the property of magnetized matter, either induced or because it is a permanent magnet, which gives it its orientation when subjected to a magnetic field (Schombert, 2021). It is extremely important to emphasize that the existence of magnetic monopoles has been hypothetically proposed, however, this theory has not been verified (Brilliant, 2021). The question that will guide the focus of this research is: To what extent does the increase in temperature of an electromagnet, specifically a coil of wire wound on a ferromagnetic core, affect its holding force? In this way, throughout this writing, the effects that the rise in temperature of an electromagnet has on its retaining force will be explored and the hypothesis that has been formulated in this regard is indicated in the next section. Hypothesis When a direct current passes through a conductor it produces a surrounding magnetic field. If a coil of wire is wound on this conductor or the current through it is increased, the magnetic field intensifies and along with it, its stored energy. Since the existence of a net magnetic force on objects in the vicinity of the electromagnet depends on the magnetic field being non-uniform, the force can be calculated from the change in energy associated with the magnetic field with respect to displacement. But, if the temperature of the coil is increased, the resistance of the wire will increase due to its positive temperature coefficient. Given the inversely proportional relationship between current and resistance, the holding force of the electromagnet will also decline, as it is directly proportional to the current. In addition to this, the fact that the alignment of the magnetic domains is disturbed by an increase in temperature implies that the magnetic effects of the coil can be affected. In the following section, different concepts and theoretical elements, that allow a greater understanding of the phenomena associated with the research question and that could support the validity of the hypothesis, will be explained in depth. T 1 Year 2022 1 © 2022 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue ersion I VI ( A ) Author: e-mail: a01750283@itesm.mx a)