Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 23 Issue 1

From the Figure, it will be seen that Knowledge Agriculture involves the use of IOT (Internet of Things) tools such as infra-red cameras, sensors (barometers, hygrometers, light meters, and ambient thermometers), electrodes, GPS (Global Positioning System) guided farm machines (tractor, drones) to detect physical parameters namely moisture, heat, light, pressure, nutrients and pests, etc. These data are streamed directly to the cloud, the technology that relieves the users from maintaining an elaborate computer system with expert staff including programmers and system administrators, for processing, monitoring, and analysis. The historical database is also held on Geo location of the farm, type of the crop (rice, wheat cotton, groundnut, millet), seasons when they are sowed/harvested, area (in hectares), production (in tonnes), average temperature (°C), average rainfall (mm), soil, pH (Hydrogen potentials) value, soil type, major fertilizers, nitrogen (kg/Ha), phosphorus (Kg/Ha), Potassium (Kg/Ha), minimum rainfall required, the minimum temperature required, etc. for optimum yield. Data on logistics, marketing chain, price (historical and current), consumers and input suppliers are also maintained on the cloud. Meteorological data is used for analyzing the weather variation. Bringing all the data to the cloud is part of data ingestion. The data coming from different agencies may be in structured, unstructured, or in semi-structured formats. These need to be cleaned, normalized, categorized, and cataloged. Since the data is enormous and petabytes of big data need to be analyzed, it needs to be put in a way that analysis becomes possible, a few in real time for taking immediate corrective action in the farm such as tending each plant with water, fertilizers as per its need during the life cycle; eliminating the weeds by the spraying of pesticides, tilling or selective burning without damaging the desired plant. It may need certain data available in CSV (Comma-Separated Values) or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formats to be converted in a columnar form known as ORC or Parquet form. These activities come under processing. The final analysis is done by building visualization for real-time monitoring of the crop for dry fields or identifying plants needing attention for the use of fertilizer, pesticide or heating, etc., and thus allocating resources dynamically and efficiently. Careful and precise application of all inputs for agricultural produce can maximize crop yields and thereby reducing cost, and at the same time minimize waste of pesticide and water usage. Dynamic evaluation of moisture content can stop the excessive use of water for irrigation. This is especially of great value for 18 countries, with almost four billion people who are using their water reserves to the point of exhaustion to produce grains (Earth Policy Institute, 2013). The consolidation of historical weather data with meteorological prediction can be used to build complex models to predict the time of sowing/harvesting the crop. Another real-time model for supply chain can track the movement of food to identify bottlenecks and optimize the movement of product by improving logistics. To summarize, the analysis provides the potential to foresee demand, assess user sentiment, promote coordination and collaboration throughout the supply chain through fleet management tracking solutions, and use GPS-oriented analytics to optimize routing, cut transportation costs and provide an advanced mapping of vehicle locations. Big data analytics is a complex process of examining the massive amount of data to uncover information such as hidden patterns, correlations, and 1 Year 2023 19 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VI ( A ) Data-Driven Knowledge Agriculture: A Paradigm Shift for Enhancing Farm Productivity & Global Food Security Figure 1: System architecture for predictive analysis of historical and live data and taking corrective actions