Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 23 Issue 1

only the dependence of the kind 2 1/1~ β − T provides a possibility of obtaining a consistent relativistic thermodynamics, which is correct over the entire interval 0 – c of the motion velocities of the object under study. As a proof of this argument we represent all fundamental thermodynamical parameters and dependences (as already known and obtained recently) containing them. There is the temperature in these parameters and dependences. It varies in inverse proportion to 2 1 β − . 1. The average value of kinetic energy of the molecule (atom) translational motion: kT 2 3 = ε . (45) Evidently, the dependence (45) is correct over the entire interval of object motion velocities if the temperature varies in inverse proportion to 2 1 β − . 2. The equation of state of perfect gases [13, 20]: NkT pV = − 2 1 β , (46) naturally, for the observer in the laboratory reference frame; the pressure p is Lorentz invariant; the volume of gas 2 0 1 β − = VV . 3. The equations of state for the interface separating a pure liquid and its vapours [13, 20]. The equations are valid over the entire interval 0 – v of the object velocities if 2 0 1/ β − = TT ; besides, the surface tension is Lorentz invariant like the pressure . 4. The thermodynamic potentials (internal energy, enthalpy, free energy, free enthalpy) including their specific (J/cm 2 ) values [15] Dependences obtained are correct on the entire velocity interval 0–v if 2 0 1/ β − = T T ; the dependences are not contradictory and absurdity. A similar result is obtained for the chemical potential (including its specific values), i.e., 2 1/1~ β µ − [23, 24]. As known, the chemical potential of photon gas equals to zero. This fact does not contradict the latter relation. Indeed, write down it as 2 1/ ) , ,( β µ − = const zyx i , const= zero for the photon gas. As c v → the root in the relation tends to zero, however 0/0 in the right-hand- side of the relation will be equal to zero because the root only tends to zero but const equals zero by definition. 5. Small fluctuations of volume, microparticles, temperature [22]. The dependences obtained are valid for intervals of object velocities where fluctuations are small. If the temperature in the formulae obtained varies in inverse proportion to 2 1 β − , we do not come to any contradictions or absurdity. 6. The theory of the charge transfer according to H.Ott and E.V.Veitsman[3, 25]. The theory is correct under relativistic conditions if only the object temperature varies in inverse proportion to 2 1 β − . 7. A closed thermodynamical cycle and the well-known thermodynamical principles as follows ∫ = 0 E δ , ∫ ∫ = = 0 T Q S δ δ , are correct if 2 0 1/ β − = TT [3, 22]. 8. The radiation energy and momentum vary in the range 0 – c inverse proportional to 2 1 β − , i.e., as 2 0 1/ β − = TT [3]. 9. Chemical reaction rates w , e.g., [ ] ( ) 1 1 1 Aa RT A aRT aA dt d w r = = = Α = Α ν , vary over the interval 0 – c inverse proportional to 2 1 β − , i.e., as 2 0 1/ β − = TT [23]. Here Α ν is the stoichiometric coefficients of the substance A; A r is the affinity according to De Donde; a is a phenomenological coefficient. We cannot obtain a consistent aggregate of the thermodynamic parameters and dependences containing the parameters under Lorentz transformation if 0 TT = and . 1 2 0 β − = T T What is more, we sometimes come to contradictions with special relativity and the first principle of thermodynamics using these relations, e.g., 0 TT = (see below). As to the theories where the latter temperature transformations are used for a specific process, and contradictions are absent at first sight, so we again come to absurdity but in a implicit form. For example, Clapeyron s ' equation NkT pV = is quite formally correct under relativistic conditions even if the gas temperature varies according to Planck, however at the same time formula (45) describing the energy of the molecule (atom) translational moving is correct under the relativistic 1 Year 2023 37 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VI ( A ) The Heat Transfer by Radiation under Relativistic Conditions