Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 23 Issue 11

Fine Structure Constants Across Cosmic Realms: Exploring Stanislav Konstantinov Abstract- The article identifies the factors influencing the value of the fine structure of the baryonic and dark matter of the universe in the process of its evolution. These include the temperature, pressure, and polarization of dark matter under the influence of the fifth interaction in the direction (l, b) ∼ (303º, - 27º). A strong anisotropy of cosmological parameters was found at a level of ∼ 5 σ in the direction (l, b) ∼ (303º, - 27º), which is in good agreement with the data of other cosmological probes. Thus, as observations and calculations show, the value of fine structure during the evolution of the Universe and its anisotropy has undergone changes depending on temperature, density and pressure. Keywords: baryonic matter; dark matter; polarization; constants of fine structure; fifth fundamental interaction. : 01.10.Fv, 04.50.-h, 12.10.Kt, 95.36.+x, 98.80.-k. I. I ntroduction he concept of fine structure was introduced into physics in the 1916 by Arnold Sommerfeld to describe the energy sublevels discovered experimentally in the emission spectra of atoms. Since then, many other manifestations of the same constant relationship have been revealed in various phenomena associated with the interactions of elementary particles. In quantum electrodynamics, the fine structure constant measures electromagnetism - one of the four fundamental forces in nature (others are gravity, weak nuclear force, and potent nuclear force). The electromagnetic force keeps the electrons moving around the nucleus in the atom of the universe, otherwise all matter would be shattered into pieces. Until recently, it was believed this is an invariable force in time and space. Currently, in quantum electrodynamics, the following value of the fine structure of elementary particles has been experimentally obtained: α = 7.2973525376 (50) × 10 ˉ ³ = 1 / 137.035999679 = e ² ℏc 4 π ε₀ = e ² 2ε₀hc (1) Where e is the elementary electric charge, ℏ = h / 2π is the Dirac constant (or the reduced Planck constant), c is the speed of light in а vacuum, ε ₀ is the dielectric constant. In other words, the theory of fine structure had not just a technical significance for clarifying the details of the experiment, but also an important theoretical significance. But Sommerfeld’s 1916 study had not yet completed it, unexplained details remained, and selection rules had not been formulated. The next step in the development of the theory was already taken by Dirac. Until recently, it was believed that the value of fine structure is a constant value in time and space. However, in articles published on April 27, 2020, in the journal Science Advances, scientists at the University of South Wales in Sydney, working under the guidance of a professor John Webb, reported that four new measurements of light emitted by a quasar 13 billion light-years from Earth confirm past research by Professor John Webb that found variations in the values of the fine structure (Figure: 1) [1, 2]. Figure 1: The light emitted by the quasar J1120 + 0641 13 billion light years from Earth Not only do universal constants appear to scientists to be variables at the outer edges of the cosmic Universe, but anomalies also only occur in one direction, which looks odd. Astrophysicists today continue to find hints that one of the cosmological constants, the fine structure, is not all that constant after all. Professor Webb stated: “We found a hint that this constant fine structure number was different in certain universe regions. Not only as a function of time, but also in the direction of the Universe, which is strange if true. In the current study, a group of scientists studied the quasar, which allowed them to return to a time when the Universe was only a billion years old, which has never happened before. Thus, the Universe cannot be isotropic from the point of view of the laws of physics that is, it is statistically different in all directions. It may contain some directions or preferred directions in which T 1 Year 2023 35 Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VXI ( A ) Science © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Author: Department of Physical Electronics, Russian State Pedagogical University named after Herzen, St. Petersburg, 196211, St Petersburg, Kosmonavtov Ale., Hause19-2 apartment 46, Variation in the Universe's Expanse. e-mail: konstantinov.s.i@yandex.com PACS