Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 23 Issue 11

( ) 4 4 4 328 328 16 1 1 4 15 5 m T D c k D c c σ ζ σ ⋅   = + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅        (29) It follows that the ratio of the speed of light at zero temperature 0 c  to the “primary” speed of light 0 0 c c σ ≡  is determined by the formula: 4 0 328 1 15 m D c k σ = + ⋅ ⋅  (30) The directly measurable speed is the speed of light at zero temperature. As follows from (30), this speed does not coincide with the “primary” speed of light due to taking into account the interaction of photons. Due to the weakness of this interaction, should differ very little, and in the leading approximation they could be considered equal, which would not affect subsequent conclusions. Experiments show that if an external field acts on the vacuum, then due to its energy, the production of fundamental particles is possible [10]. Precisely because the vacuum is not virtual, but a natural physical object (dark matter) and has a structure, the polarization of the vacuum leads not to virtual, but natural radiation corrections to the laws of quantum electrodynamics [11]. The interaction of the electromagnetic field with the vacuum (dark matter) leads to a dependence of the speed of light propagation on the radiation temperature. Estimates show that in the modern era, even at very high temperatures, such as those that exist in the bowels of stars, the temperature-dependent correction to the speed of light is minimal[10]: 5 0 10 c c c cm s − ∆ = − ≈   (31) Where ∆c is the temperature-dependent correction to the speed of light, с is the speed of light in the interior of a star, с ₀ is the speed of light in the space vacuum. However, in the cosmological model of the hot Universe, in the first moments after the Big Bang, the temperature was so high that the speed of light was many orders of magnitude higher than the modern one. The effect of the dependence of the speed of light on temperature should be essential for understanding the early evolution of the Universe. As a result, Dr. Yuri Poluektov obtained a dependence for the fine structure constant, recorded through the observed speed of light [10]: 2 0 0 e c α ≡  (32) With the expansion of the Universe and its cooling, the speed of light decreased and has now reached its value, almost equal to the speed of light at zero temperature. At Planck's temperature, Tp ≈1.42×10³²[K] ≈ 10¹ ⁹ [GeV], the speed of light p c  would be much higher than the modern one: 17 0 0.8 10 p c c ≈ ⋅   (33) Dr. Yu. Poluektov presented in Table 1 how the speed of light changed as the Universe cooled in the first moments after the Big Bang [10]. Table 1 The reason for the significant effect immediately after the universe’s birth during weak photon-photon interaction, as can be seen from the penultimate column of the table, is the extremely high density of photons at such temperatures [10]. III. D ependence of the A cceptable S tructure V alue on P ressure during P olarization of Q uantum V acuum (D ark M atter ) in the N ucleus of a H ydrogen A tom and N eutron S tars The CMS collaboration in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in 2019 studied the distribution of 1 Year 2023 39 Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VXI ( A ) Science © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Fine Structure Constants Across Cosmic Realms: Exploring , t s , T GeV , T K 0 / T T τ = 3 , n cm − 0 c c   5.4 ⋅ 10 -44 1.2 ⋅ 10 19 1.42 ⋅ 10 32 4.9 ⋅ 10 22 1.3 ⋅ 10 47 0.8 ⋅ 10 17 10 -39 10 16 10 29 3.5 ⋅ 10 19 1.6 ⋅ 10 45 2.3 ⋅ 10 14 10 -11 100 10 15 3.5 ⋅ 10 5 6.5 ⋅ 10 36 1.5 ⋅ 10 3 10 -5 0.2 2 ⋅ 10 12 6.9 ⋅ 10 2 1.4 ⋅ 10 35 10 10 -2 10 -2 2 ⋅ 10 11 69 2.5 ⋅ 10 34 1.9 1.5 0.7 ⋅ 10 -3 0.8 ⋅ 10 10 2.8 4.9 ⋅ 10 30 1.00003