Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 23 Issue 11

reaction products in pp collisions with energies from 1 TeV to 13 TeV. It was found that a decrease in the mass of elementary particles obtained from data up to an energy of 13 TeV, a decrease in the value of the interaction constants at a confidence level of 95% depend on the energy at which the measurements were made. This effect, explained by vacuum polarization, was observed in experiments; in particular, a decrease in the mass of b- and c-quarks was measured, as well as a change in the strong interaction constant [12]. The vacuum polarization effect leads to charge screening at low energies. With increasing energy, acceptable structure magnitude ( α ) changes logarithmically: ( ) = α₀ 1−∆α(E) (34) Where E is the electric field strength, ∆ α is the incremental value calculated as part of QCD In 2018 Professor Volker Burkert carried out a series of experiments at the CEBAF accelerator. After the collision of fast electrons with the mass of liquid hydrogen (the source of protons), the researchers registered the particles arising from their interaction - an electron, a proton, and two photons. It allowed for the first time to measure the pressure at the center of the proton, bombarding the proton with electrons, the energy of which reached 100 MeV or more, which allowed the electron to penetrate the proton’s structure [13]. Volker Burkert and his colleagues from Jefferson's laboratory found that the pressure in a proton can exceed 10³ ⁵ Pascal [13]. It is known that at such a pressure polarization of the quantum vacuum is observed, and by formula (34), changing the value of the fine structure constant. Professor A.V. Rykov RAS, Institute of Physics of the Earth, relying on his theory of vacuum, as well as the energy of polarization of the vacuum and its electromagnetic parameters ( ε ₀ , μ ₀ ), calculated the value of the fine structure of the near-Earth quantum vacuum (dark matter) and intranuclear quantum vacuum. According to him, the fine structure of the near- Earth quantum vacuum αₑ = 0.0072975 or (1/137) and the fine structure inside the hydrogen nucleus αₓ = 0 .00318157 (1/314) determine electromagnetism in the first case, and nuclear forces in the second case [14]. Professor A.V. Rykov determined the elastic deformation force in near-Earth quantum vacuum F=1.155 ×10¹ ⁹ [kg / s²] and inside the proton nucleus F=5.211×10² ⁶ [kg / s²]. Thus, the elasticity of quantum vacuum inside the nucleus is seven orders of magnitude higher than that of near-Earth quantum vacuum (dark matter) [14]. IV. C onclusion Thus, the meaning of the fine structure is determined by five fundamental interactions: electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak nuclear interactions and the fifth interaction between baryonic matter and quantum vacuum (dark matter) and their derivatives: temperature and pressure. In quantum electrodynamics (QED), the fine structure constant is a measure of electromagnetism, and shows with what force in baryonic matter electrons are held in atoms or in positronium of dark matter during its polarization, and in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) a measure of nuclear forces counteracting the force pressure of 10³ ⁵ Pascal inside the nucleus of an atom directed outward [15]. Vacuum is involved in all fundamental interactions, but if the polarization of the vacuum in electromagnetic interactions is accompanied by the formation of electron-positron pairs with the participation of exchanged virtual photons, then in nuclear interaction the polarization of the quantum vacuum is accompanied by the formation of three unstable π-mesons (π ⁰ , π +, π- ) with the participation of virtual exchange pions and the subsequent creation of short-lived protons and antiprotons. At the same time, the energy spectrum of the birth of new particles and antiparticles changes, which indicates a difference in the structure of the quantum vacuum when it is included in the nuclei of atoms [15]. Professor Anatoly Rykov called the medium of virtual pi-mesons, participating as exchange particles in atomic interactions, the meson ether. If we assume that the meson structure of the ether is formed by a triple of pions π ⁰ ,π ⁺ ,π ⁻ should be held by a force corresponding to the value of the nuclear fine structure, then it will exceed the value of the fine structure of the physical vacuum, which has an electron + positron pair. This corresponds to reality [14]. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Wilczynska M. R. et al. “Four direct measurements of the fine structure constant 13 billion years ago”, Science Advances, (2020),DOI: 10.1126 / sciadv.aay9672 2. Lachlan Gilbert, “New findings suggest laws of nature 'downright weird,' not as constant as previously thought”, University of New South Wales, (April 27, 2020) 3. Migkas, K. et al., “Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX−T scaling relation” Journal reference:A&A 636, A15, (April 2020) Press releases from NASA/Chandra, ESA, Uni. of Bonn. DOI:10.1051/0004- 6361/201936602 4. Baurov Yu.A. and Sobolev Yu.G. and Meneguzzo F. “Fundamental Experiments for Revealing Physical Space Anisotropy and Their Possible Interpretation”, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, Vol.79, No.7, pp.935-939 (2015) DOI: 10.3103/S1062873815040048 5. Krasznahorkay Attila et al., “Observation of Anomalous Internal Pair Creation in ⁸ Be: A Possible © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 40 Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VXI ( A ) Science Global Journal of Fine Structure Constants Across Cosmic Realms: Exploring