lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

The Nature of Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe and the Birth of Baryonic Matter Stanislav Konstantinov Abstract- The article states that with the help of the James Webb Space Telescope, it was possible to detect in the early Unive rse in the galaxy A bell 2744 a supermassive black hole (BH) with a mass of ∽ 10 ⁸ M ө , producing powerful radiation during the accretion of gas. It is assumed that to explain such a massive black hole at such an early age of the Universe ( ∽ 500 mil.) years, it will be necessary to introduce dark matter since the BH of stellar origin would not have time to increase its mass to the indicated value. In the early stages of the Universe, only supermassive black holes formed by dark matter with the property of gravity were capable of becoming a baryonic matter factory. Keywords: dark matter, baryonic matter, black hole, quasar, electron, positron, positronium . oday, with the creation of the largest space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, astrophysicists have the opportunity to look into the depths of the Universe, 13 billion years old in the infrared, and there they did not see the expected picture of the Big Bang. In July 2022, a large group of astrophysicists published an article called “Panic!” [1]. The gravitational lens created by the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 at redshift z=0.308 allowed the telescope. J. Webb to observe 11 galaxies at redshifts z > 9, estimated by the photometric method [2]. The X-ray emission of one of these galaxies at z≈10.3 was then measured by the Chandra Space Observatory, and it was concluded that the galaxy contained a supermassive black hole (BH) with a mass of ∽ 10 ⁸ M ө , producing powerful radiation during gas accretion [3]. The mass of such a black hole is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy, while in modern galaxies, the mass of the central black hole is ∽ 0.1% of the mass of the stars. In addition, it is difficult to explain the presence of such a massive black hole in that era when the Universe was ∽ 500 million years old. A black hole of stellar origin would not have time to increase its mass to the indicated value. In the new cosmology, a dark matter halo can act in the primary Universe as a reasonably dense object that can shrink (collapse) under the influence of gravitational forces into a black hole. The question arises whether astrophysical dark matter core–halo configurations can form at all and whether they remain stable on cosmological time scales. The authors of the article “On the formation and stability of fermion halos of dark matter in a cosmological framework” give an affirmative answer to this question [4]. Moreover, their results prove that a dark matter halo with a core–ho morphology is a very likely outcome during the nonlinear stages of black hole structure formation. Having become acquainted with the bipolar theory of gravity by Valery Etkin, one may wonder what will happen to the dimensions of the Schwarzschild sphere if gravitational forces are calculated not according to Newton’s law, but according to the bipolar law of gravity (more substantial)? [5]. It is easy to calculate the Schwarzschild radius (gravitational radius) of any body within the framework of classical concepts. It is necessary to take the formula for calculating the second escape velocity: v2 = √(2GM/r), (1) where v2 is the escape velocity, M is the mass, r is the radius, G is the gravitational constant, the proportionality coefficient established experimentally. Its meaning is constantly being clarified; it is now taken to be 6.67408 × 10 ⁻ ¹¹ m³ kg ⁻ ¹ s ⁻ ². Let v=c. We make the necessary replacement in the equation and get: rg =2GM/c², where rg is the gravitational radius. On the right side of the equation we have two constants - the gravitational constant and the speed of light. So the Schwarzschild radius is a quantity that depends only on the mass of the body and is directly proportional to it. To get some idea of the size of the Schwarzschild radius, we point out that for the Sun it should be slightly less than 3 km. That is, if the entire mass of the Sun is inside a sphere of such a radius, then the Sun will turn into a black hole. Since the Schwarzschild radius for the sun is 3 km, then for a supermassive black hole with a mass of a billion solar masses, the Schwarzschild radius will be about 3·10¹² km. The observed size of the massive accretion disk in galaxy III Zw 002, which is located at a distance of about 22 million light years from Earth, is about 52.4 light days or 150·10¹¹ km. Professor Valery Etkina proposed a new law of gravitational interaction of masses, which asserts the existence of forces of both attraction and repulsion depending on the sign of the density gradient of matter. [5]. He found the conditions under which the new law transforms into Newton’s law of gravitation and showed the existence of “strong” gravity, many orders of magnitude greater than Newton’s gravitational forces [5]. Using the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, which, when applied T Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 93 © 2024 Global Journals Author: Department of Physical Electronics, Herzen State Pedagogical University, Saint Petersburg RSC “Energy”, Russia. e-mail: konstantinov.s.i@yandex.com I. I ntroduction