lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

to any (baryonic and non-baryonic) continuous medium with mass M, has the form U = Mc² Professor Etkin, using the concept of energy density of the gravitational field ρ g = dUg/dV = ρс ² (J/m³), where ρ = dM/dV is the density of matter, obtained the potential of the gravitational field: ѱ g = dUg/d М = d ρ g/d ρ = с g², (2) where c = cg = const, i.e., the square of the propagation velocity of perturbations in the gravitational field. By analogy with the concept of the strength of the electric and magnetic fields, Etkin introduced the concept of the strength of the gravitational field Xg = - ∇ ѱ g, then Xg is expressed in terms of the density gradient of the substance ∇ ρ by a simple relation: Х g = – с g² ∇ ρ / ρ , ( кг / м ²∙ с ²). (3) Professor Valery Etkin called this expression the binary law of gravitational interaction, since, in accordance with it, gravitational forces can have a different sign depending on the sign of the density gradient Vp. Since Xg = - ρ g, then, in accordance with (3), the value of acceleration in the gravitational field g is proportional to the relative gradient ∇ ρ / ρ of the matter density: g = ѱ g ∇ ρ / ρ , м с ¯² (4) Professor Etkin writes that, according to (3, 4), the acceleration g in a gravitational field is always codirectional with the gradient density of matter ∇ ρ and therefore can have a different sign depending on the nature of the distribution of matter in a particular region of the Universe space. However, Etkin points out that his binary law of gravity differs in many respects from Newton's law. First of all, this law is applicable to continuous media in which it is impossible to distinguish “field-forming” or “test” bodies with masses M or m. This makes it indispensable for the “hidden” mass of the Universe (“dark” matter), since it does not require knowledge of its other parameters that cannot be measured by modern means. This gives the laws of gravitational interaction (3) and (4) a “paradigm” meaning, far beyond the scope of a simple generalization of Newton's law. II. Q uasars - F actories of B aryonic M atter in the E arly U niverse In recent years, deep analogies with thermodynamics have been discovered in the physics of black holes. In September 2021, Professors Xavier Calmett and Folkert Kuipers from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Sussex published a report that the structure of black holes is more complex than previously thought, and quantum gravity can lead to pressure black holes on the quantum environment. Xavier Calmett said: “Our finding that Schwarzschild black holes have a pressure as well as a temperature is even more exciting given that it was a total surprise. Hawking's landmark intuition that black holes are not black but have a radiation spectrum similar to that of a black body makes black holes an ideal laboratory to investigate the interplay between quantum mechanics, gravity, and thermodynamics” [6]. A black hole, generally speaking, is characterized by several macro parameters: mass, electric charge and angular momentum. In the absence of the latter two, the area A of the black hole's event horizon and its entropy S are proportional to the square of the black hole's mass M. The formula for the entropy of a black hole, in this case, has the form: S = α M²kG/hc Where are the fundamental physical constants G = GN involved; c = cE; h = hP; k = kB: GN - Newtonian gravitational constant, cE is the speed of light in Einstein's special theory of relativity, hP is Planck's constant of quantum theory, kB is the Boltzmann constant of thermodynamics. One can check that they are dimensionally independent. This is precisely what Max Planck took advantage of, proposing to make them the basis of a natural system of physical units. Planck, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, together with the idea of quanta and Planck's constant, found universal (not dependent on our arbitrariness, but only on nature, more precisely, on GN; cE; hP; kB) Planck quantities (dimensions) of length, time, mass and temperature. What the so-obtained Planck scales are responsible for in nature is still unclear to physicists, but this become clearer as we move toward a unified field theory. Planck values are considered a fundamental scale, at which, for example, the concept of continuous space-time ceases to be applicable. It is also believed that the Planck units (Planck quantities) determine the limits of applicability of modern physical theories and, therefore, should play a significant role in their unification. However, today there is an obvious contradiction in Planck's theory related to the thermodynamics of black holes. How does the colossal energy nh ν , where n can be a considerable number, go to one oscillator with a negligible average energy U? In addition, we add that the frequency ν in the radiation spectrum changes continuously from zero to infinity without any distinguished harmonics, and it becomes completely incomprehensible and illogical that a single oscillator should have a huge number of such frequencies in its stock. It turns out that in the visible Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 94 © 2024 Global Journals The Nature of Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe and the Birth of Baryonic Matter (5)