lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

plasma do not need to be scaled; they correspond to the fundamental parameters of the plasma in the vicinity of the black hole of binary systems like Cygnus X-1 (Fig. 2) [10]. Figure 2: Black water Swan X-1 Later, researchers at the University of Manchester, led by Nobel Prize winner Andre Geim, discovered that inside graphene, it is possible to recreate conditions identical to those in which matter emerges from the vacuum in the vicinity of black holes and other space objects [11]. In laboratory experiments, they reproduced the Schwinger effect using very narrow strips of graphene. In this case, super-powerful electric or magnetic fields will act on the vacuum so that virtual particles and antiparticles forming dipole structures - positronium - will break apart and form very real positrons and electrons [11]. The experiment showed that the technique developed by the international group makes it possible to create quasi-stationary magnetic fields of record magnitude, and to simulate the state of the plasma arising in them with a high energy density of matter and electromagnetic energy. As a result, we get an electron- positron mixture near the black hole, consisting of approximately equal numbers of negative electrons and positive positrons. In a free state, electrons and positrons annihilate - this is an indisputable fact. However, in the accretion disk, electrons and positrons are not entirely free. They continue to rotate by inertia within the plasma disk at about the speed of light. And it is this speed, or rather the force of inertia, that keeps them from direct collisions and complete mutual destruction. At this stage, electrons and positrons form dipole structures - positroniums. Experimentally, such a pair was discovered in 1951 by the German physicist Martin Deutsch (Figure 3) and reliably established by Professor DB Cassidy and his assistant A. P. Mills, Jr. in 2007 [12]. Figure 3: Positronium atom Positronium has stable, compact states with high binding energies, which can be interpreted as particles and unit cells of the quantum vacuum structure. Positronium has a mass of two electronic, and its energy in the ground state of E = 3727.77 63161411854 eV. The work of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences R.F. Avramenko shows that in the excited state, the vacuum has a lower energy than in the ground state [13]. Cassidy and Mills calculated that in their experiment, the density of positronium atoms was 10¹ ⁵ per cm³. Calculations show that with an increase in this density by three orders of magnitude, these atoms at a temperature of 15 kelvin will merge into a single quantum system — Bose- Einstein condensate [12]. Under normal conditions, a vacuum quantum behaves like a quasiparticle in a condensed state. In a state of excitation, a vacuum quantum loses its original state and passes into a new one - into the state neutron n ⁰ (1840;1;0), which then transforms into three particles, proton p ⁰ (1836;1;1), electron e¯(1;1; -1) and antineutrino γ ¯(1;-1;0) [14]. During the birth of a neutron, several types of elementary particles are released. They form the corresponding radiation, by the combination of which one can detect the processes of production of the proton, deuterium, and tritium neutrons: γ -quanta γ ¯(0;1;0) and γ ⁺ (0;1;0) – form γ -radiation; neutrino ᵇγ ¯(-1;-1;0) and γ ⁺ (1;1;0) – neutrino radiation; electrons and positrons ᵂе ¯ (-1;-1;-1) and е ⁺ (1;1;1) – forms β -radiation; generated single neutrons n ⁰ (1840;1;0) give neutron radiation; neutrons grouped in pairs form α -radiation [14]. It is in this interstellar medium that cold nuclear fusion occurs, allowing the creation of thermal background radiation from the Universe in the microwave range from 10 GHz to 33 GHz. When a vacuum is irradiated by external γ quanta, the vacuum must be transformed into a substance, in which case the above five types of radiation will be present, and high energy and temperature will also be released [14]. However, the massive appearance of neutrons on the outskirts of the plasma disk marks a fundamentally new stage in formation of mother in the infinite Universe, the evolution of which does not require a Big Bang and has no beginning and end. From this moment on, the conveyor for the production of chemical elements begins to operate. Experimental physics has reliably established that a free neutron decays into a proton and an electron in about 15 minutes. Thanks to this, the most common substance in the Universe is born - hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms gradually accumulate around the rotating disk of protoplasm and envelop it in a reasonably dense layer. At some point, the density of the hydrogen blanket reaches a critical value, and the free escape of neutrons from the plasma disk becomes difficult. The next cycle of synthesis of atoms of matter begins. This is the next chemical element of the periodic Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 96 © 2024 Global Journals The Nature of Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe and the Birth of Baryonic Matter