lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

table - helium. Such processes of wrapping a neutron centrifuge in a gas cushion are repeated for each new chemical element. The further we move along the periodic table, the denser the outer nucleon layer becomes, and the fewer atoms of a new substance are formed at the output. Therefore, in our Universe, hydrogen makes up 70% of the total mass of all chemical elements. The described process allows us to understand how the synthesis of all chemical components of the universe proceeds. This is not explosive thermonuclear fusion in the depths of several generations of stars still the careful assembly of atoms of chemical elements from elementary particles using a high-speed plasma centrifuge. This synthesis of bits of matter, unlike thermonuclear fusion, is a highly energy- consuming process. In our case, the source of energy is a black hole. To be completely precise, its mass is multiplied by the square of the speed of light. Despite the colossal amount of this energy, the synthesis of chemical elements must stop sooner or later. Later, astrophysicists found that there are galaxies are living with quasars, but they are cold, that is their reserves of cold gas are not depleted, and the birth of stars can continue (Fig. 4) [15]. Figure 4: Galaxy CQ4479 is capable of producing about 100 stars per year Allison Kirkpatrick, an assistant professor at the University of Kansas at Lawrence, said: "Galaxy CQ4479 shows us that the existence of active black holes does not always stop the birth of stars." This statement contradicts modern scientific knowledge about such systems [15]. In addition to baryonic matter, astrophysicists have found that quasars of supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies serve as the source of almost all neutrinos that reach Earth from space [16]. Neutrinos, which travel at very high speeds, are a good candidate for hot dark matter. In particular, they do not emit or absorb light - they appear "dark.” It has long been assumed that neutrinos, which come in three different types, have no mass. However, experiments have shown that they can change (fluctuate) from one species to another. Importantly, scientists have shown that this change requires them to have mass - making them a legitimate candidate for hot dark matter. A few years ago, physicists at the Pierre Auger Observatory discovered the first hints that all these particles are of extragalactic origin. Three years ago, researchers from the Antarctic IceCube Neutrino Observatory found one of the possible sources of these neutrinos - the blazar TXS 0506+056. The blazar is located in the constellation Orion, the light from which takes about 4.33 billion years to reach Earth. The formation of superluminal neutrinos is associated with the collision of ultrahigh-energy protons with surrounding photons, in which neutrinos appear, and a proton disappears. Protons or heavier nuclei accelerated to ultra-high energy near the dark hole collide with atomic nuclei or low-energy photons. In this case, π- and K-mesons are formed, the decay of which produces high-energy cosmic neutrinos. It can be assumed that baryonic matter (proton) turned into a particle of hot dark matter (neutrino) with energy absorption. The process leading to the creation of gamma rays and neutrinos generated by the interaction of protons accelerated to ultra-high energies with matter is presented in (Fig. 7) [16]. Figure 7: Artistic depiction of how blazar accelerates protons that generate pions, which in turn create neutrinos and gamma rays. Neutrinos are always the result of hadron reactions. Gamma rays can appear in both hadron and electromagnetic interactions Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 97 © 2024 Global Journals The Nature of Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe and the Birth of Baryonic Matter