lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

cosmic background radiation; each square in this figure corresponds to a different dimension. The three curves shown show the dependence of the radiation intensity of a black body on the wavelength for three different temperatures. Notice how closely COBE's measurements match the curve depicting blackbody radiation at 2.73 degrees. The Big Bang Theory predicts the exact shape of this curve. The middle dashed curve represents black body radiation at 2.73 degrees Solid curves are actual measurements made by COBE Figure 2: The cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the COBE Thus, in the new cosmological theory of the Universe by Professor Valery Etkin [5], it is possible to explain the nature of background radiation by cold nuclear fusion (CNS) occurring in the galactic and intergalactic medium at a temperature of 2.7 degrees Kelvin and high energy released when irradiating the vacuum by external γ -quanta [10]. Until the 1970s, it was believed that the Big Bang gave birth to the Universe and all its contents, arising from some infinitesimal point - a singularity. However, in the late 70s, a new theory appeared - cosmological inflation. According to it, the early Universe expanded at an exponentially rate, and then, at the end of this period, continued to grow, but more slowly. The acceleration of this expansion due to dark energy began after the age of the Universe had already exceeded 7.7 billion years (5.4 billion years ago). The contributions to the theory were made by Soviet and American physicist Andrei Linde, Russian theoretical physicist Alexei Starobinsky and American physicist Alan Gut: in 2014 the three of them received the Kavli Prize for this theory. However, new astronomical observations and the creation of more advanced space telescopes have allowed astrophysicists to propose new cosmological theories of the development of the Universe. In them, black holes constantly replenish the Universe with both baryonic and non-baryonic matter and make it possible to abandon the Big Bang theory as a necessary condition for origin Universe. The Universe is eternal and infinite. In September 2021, Professors Xavier Calmett and Folkert Kuipers from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Sussex published a report that the structure of black holes is more complex than previously thought; and quantum gravity can lead to pressure black holes on the quantum environment. Xavier Calmett said: “Our finding that Schwarzschild black holes have a pressure as well as a temperature is even more exciting given that it was a total surprise Hawking's famous intuition that black holes are not black, but have a spectrum of radiation very similar to that of a black body, makes black holes an ideal laboratory for studying the interactions between quantum mechanics, gravity and thermodynamics’’[12]. At the edge of a black hole, the physical vacuum is in a conditionally stressed state, as a result of which it is po quantum polarized. Nothing of the kind follows from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Einstein's general relativity, in general, is incompatible with quantum concepts. Studying the behavious of quantum fields near a black hole, Stephen Hawking predicted that a black hole necessarily radiates particles into outer space and thereby loses mass [13]. This effect is called Hawking radiation (evaporation). Polarization of the vacuum occurs under the influence of monstrous Lower energy Radiation wavelength (in millimetres) Radiation intensity Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 71 © 2024 Global Journals The Nature of Thermal Radiation from the Universe, Hawking Radiation and Quasar Disks as Natural Masers