lobal Journal of Science Frontier Research, A: Physics and Space Science, Volume 24 Issue 4

lasers in the Universe. The role of Maxwell's demon, realizing the separation of excited positronium particles from unexcited in the vicinity of black holes, is played by inhomogeneous gravitational and magnetic fields. That is, the event horizon is a gate that Maxwell's Demon opens, deflecting unexcited particles towards a strong field and excited particles towards a weak field. This process is similar to the process implemented in the ammonia molecular generator (Basov's maser) – “Maxwell's Demon of the 20th century”, considered in detail by Professor R. Poplavsky in [17]. The role of Maxwell's demon, which separates excited molecules from unexcited ones in the Basov maser, is played by an inhomogeneous electric field that deflects unexcited molecules towards a strong fiel, and excited molecules towards a weak field. If a sufficient number of excited molecules enter a resonator with a high quality factor per unit time, then the self-excitation conditions are met and the molecular generator will operate in a continuous mode. However, in a molecular generator based on ammonia, the negentropy of separation is far from being fully used: as a useful effect, it is only necessary to consider the energy stored in excited molecules at the frequency ν [17]. There is also a thermodynamically interesting method for directly converting thermal energy into coherent radiation. Without going into details of this (thermal) excitation method, described in detail in [17], we note that here, at first, an equilibrium distribution corresponding to the heater temperature is established at all three levels. Then, at the refrigerator temperature, the population inversion of the lower and middle levels is achieved due to the much shorter relaxation time between the upper and middle levels (at the idler frequency) than at the other two frequencies (signal and auxiliary). It was shown in [18] that the quantum efficiency ηᵢ is greater than the efficiency ηᵣ of the Carnot cycle. The specialists of the Israel Institute of Technology are right when they proposed extracting energy from black holes using a singular reactor based on Hawking radiation, similar to how it is implemented today in installations using coherent radiation from artificial masers and lasers.Considering the Maxwell demon in Leo Sapogin’s Unitary Quantum Theory as a system of two potential barriers leads to the conclusion that the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics are violated. This conclusion is confirmed by experimental data [19]. III. C onclusion The astrophysical observations and experiments presented in the article force physicists to take a critical approach to the standard cosmological model Λ CDM ( Λ -Cold Dark Matter).The Universe is a dynamic system that continuously generates baryon masses of matter and dark matter and regulates their density, expanding its boundaries. This circumstance leads to new, more general conservation laws inherent in the physics of open systems. In the article by Professor Valery Etkin “The Perpetuum Mobile of the Universe” the concept of the dynamic Universe is substantiated, according to which the field (continuum) and corpuscular phases of matter with their inherent forms of energy are circulated in it. In this circuit, gravity is a “perpetual motion machine” that allows the Universe to function in time and space indefinitely, bypassing the state of equilibrium [20]. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Chernin A.D. Dark energy in the nearby Universe: HST data, nonlinear theory and computer simulation // Physics – Uspekhi, Vol.56, No.7, 2013. 2. N.Afiordi, R.Mann, R.Purhasan“Black hole at the beginning of time” - Scientific American, No.10, (2014) 3. De-Chang Dai; DejanStojkovic. “Physicists have evaluated the effects of “tunneling” fields through a wormhole”. Physical Review D, October, 2019. 4. Ramesh Narayan et al, “THE SHADOW OF A SPHERICALLY ACCRETING BLACK HOLE” arXiv:1910.02957v2 [astro-ph.HE] (25 Oct. 2019) 5. Etkin V.Egodynamic theory of the evolution of the Universe.- (Published in American Scientific Journal, 51(2021).25-34). 6. Konstantinov S.I. “Dark Matter is an Extreme State of Dark Energy (Fifth Interaction).” GJSFR-A, Volume 19 Issue 9 Version 1.0, pp 1-10 (2019) 7. Leonardo Ferreira, Nathan Adams, Christopher J. Conselice, et al. Panic! At the Disks: First Rest- frame Optical Observations of Galaxy Structure at z> 3 with JWST in the SMACS 0723 Field - Astrophysics > Astrophysics of Galaxies, arXiv: 2207.09428 [astro-ph.GA ] (Submitted on 19 Jul 2022) (v1), last revised 31 Aug (2022) (this version, v3)]) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2207.09428 8. Leo G. Sapogin, RyabovYu.A., Boichenko V.A. “The Unitary Quantum Theory and a New Sources of Energy”. // Science Publishing Group, USA.(2015) 9. Liharev K, Klaeson T.// Scientific American, 1992, no.8 10. V.V. Dikusar, A.A. Tyunyaev“Vacuum, concepts, structure, properties” // Computing Center RAS, (2013) 11. Hoyle, F. “A new model for the expanding universe”. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 108: 372-382, 1948 12. Xavier Calmet et al, “Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole”, Physical Review D (2021). DOI: 10.1103/ PhysRevD.104.066012 13. Stephen Hawking. “From the Big Bang to Black Holes”. New York: Bantam Books, 1988 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue IV Version I Year 2024 73 © 2024 Global Journals The Nature of Thermal Radiation from the Universe, Hawking Radiation and Quasar Disks as Natural Masers