Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, D: Agriculture and Veterinary, Volume 23 Issue 1

The arrangement of elements for HEPLI in the wet season was As ˃ Mn ˃ Cu ˃ ˃ Cd, Pb ˃ Zn and for dry season Cd ˃ As ˃ ˃ Mn, Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Zn while the sequence of elements bio accumulation factor in wet and dry seasons were As ˃ Cd ˃ Zn ˃ Mn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu and As ˃ Zn ˃ Cd ˃ Mn ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Pb, respectively. This is corroborated by the findings of Ogunwale et al. (2021) that contents totals of Cd, Pb, Zn, and As in soils varied substantively with the contents present in vegetables grown on the grounds in poultry farm areas. Arsenic and Cd were found to be the most bio accumulated among the foodstuff, with Cu being the minimum. This reveals that the local populations were at high risk of being vulnerable to As and Cd-related health disorders. It was told that Cd which was the second most accumulated heavy element in the food crops, was the minimum taken up in the soils. At the same time, Zn, which was the second most bio accumulated in the ground, was the third most taken up element by the four food crops. Lead (Pb) which was the moderately bioaccumulated element in the grounds, was also least taken up by the four food crops (Tables 3 and 5). The bioaccumulation factor (BF) for As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn was below 1 in all of the monitored food crops indicating insignificant bioaccumulation. Those elements that contain a slight transfer factor migrate to the edible part of the plant easier than those with a low transfer factor (Ogunwale et al., 2021), this is the reason that these elements demonstrate their mild bioaccumulation values in sundry food crops to such a minor ratio. The BF values varied for heavy parts in sundry food crops and in farmland plots (Ogunwale et al., 2021). Nominal BF values were present in all of the assayed features with foodstuff crops and could be one of the probable causes for health hazards in humans via their intake. Low BF values for heavy elements were shown in the soil. This result indicated that the absorption of heavy ingredients by means of food crops did not rise directly with rising element contents in the ground. Our research isrelative to the previous conclusions of (Balkhair and Ashraf, 2016; Ogunwale et al., 2021). This occurrence is significant concerning long-lasting utilization of agrichemical; hence so the same degrees would not be part of the feeding level. e) Daily Allowance of Elements and Human Health Risk Analysis The human risk analysis determination from the route of the trophic level is of crucial significance in countries like Nigeria, where the agrichemical application continues uncontrolled. There are manifold exposure routes mainly depend on polluted sources of air, water, soil, food, and the consuming community (Ogunwale et al., 2021), but the pathway of contact via the trophic level is one of the primary means of heavy element contact with humans (Ogunwale et al., 2021; Zhou et al ., 2016). The Nigerian people are chiefly vegan and count on cereal, fruits, and tuber crops such as ( Manihot esculenta L. , Zea mays L. , Musa paradisiaca L., and Dioscoreaspp. L. ) as some staple foods. The food crops produced in the current analysis are consumed linearly through the localpopulation or are sold to the marketplace for isolated population intake. To determine the health risk of occupants of these foodstuff crops in the area under study, the daily allowance rates of element (DAE), the human health risk index (HHRI), target hazard quotient (THQ),total diet target hazard quotient (TDTHQ),and TTHQ were estimated. It was revealed in this analysis (Table 7) that the daily allowance rates of all the heavy elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in the food crops (sweet cassava, maize, plantain, and white yam) are at values which were lower than prescribed by FAO/WHO (2011). Hence, the dwellers in the study region were not likely to be vulnerable to ill health from excess intake of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in sweet cassava, maize, plantain, and white yam at present. The HHRI has been known as a very estimable indicator to assess the human health risk connected with the allowance of heavy element contaminated food crops (USEPA, 2002; Zango et al., 2013; Balkhair and Ashraf, 2016; Ogunwale et al., 2021). If the content of a particular staple food crop is below 1, it is considered to be safe for human health to eat that foodstuff. But if the concentration is above 1, it is considered to be unsafe for human health (USEPA-IRIS, 2002; Ogunwale et al., 2021). The mean calculated HHRI in this study for sweet cassava, maize, plantain, and white yam was close to 1 in both seasons. Their values ranged from 0.0017-0.839, 0.00397-1.18, 0.00737-1.48, and 0.00227- 1.15, respectively. Plant a in being a rhizome food crop, contained higher contents relative to sweet cassava, white yam, and maize, which are stem and root tubers and cereal food crops. Arsenic had the highest HHRI content, with an overall mean of 0.756 and 1.162 in staple food crops, and after that, Mn with an overall mean of 0.0564 and 0.0625 in all the foodstuffs, respectively. The sequence of the dominance of mean HHRI indicator for the element in both seasons are As ˃ Mn ˃ Cd ˃ Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu and As ˃ Mn ˃ Cd ˃ Pb ˃ Zn ˃ Cu, respectively. This obviously indicates that the local populations, are most likely to be affected by potential health hazards from the nutritional As. The oral recommended allowance (ORA) is the daily contact of persons with toxins or pollutants that can make no considerable risk over their lifespan. The ORA values for the toxic elements As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn are 3E-03, 1.0E-03, 4.0E-02, 3E-01, 3.50E-03, and 3E -01 mg kg −1 d −1 , respectively (USEPA-IRIS, 2002; Ogunwale et al., 2021). In this work, the heavy elements, apart from As, contained HHRI >1, indicating a possible future human health risk via the intake of food crops. Nevertheless, As was regarded to be non- essential element susceptible to health hazards, even at Cropland Bioaccumulation Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil of Some Designated Foodstuffs Cultivated in Odu’a Farm Establishment, Aawe, Oyo State, Nigeria © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 12 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VI ( )D