Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, D: Agriculture and Veterinary, Volume 23 Issue 1

negatively affected the crops’ productivity especially where no renewable water resources exist. Drought, salinity and desertification are the negative consequences of global climatic changes. They are interrelated and common in MENA region as it is located in arid and semi-arid zones where the precipitation are regimes (Fig. 2). The land degradation by salinization and desertification are spreaded where no renewable water resources exist such as in Libya (Abaghandura et al., 2017). Saudi Arabia (Elhag, 2016) and Kuwait (Alsulaili et al., 2022). The Agricultural exploitation of Aridisols under global climatic changes requires special managerial practices to reach the sustainable use. Mapping and monitoring drought and land degradation are vital to keep track and anticipate further degradation and essential for properly and timely interventions to adjust the managerial practices or undertake suitable reclamation and rehabilitation measures especially under climatic changes conditions which increase the shrinkage of mud (Nwer et al., 2013). In the 1970s there were about 1 billion hectares of salt-affected soil worldwide. This survey is still under consideration till 2020 despite the current global climatic changes and their series consequences on agro-ecosystems and food security. For sustainable management and economic exploitation of saline soils, a new survey about their features and distribution should be adopted (FAO, 2020b). Water is being added in a measure or in some cases a deficit during the sustainable water saving techniques. There is not enough water to rinse the salinans formed either by the irrigation with saline water or by the capillarity rise of water table. It’s the water scarcity, which obligates the pedologists to use the deficit irrigation or the low water quality resources for irrigation. The reuse of treated municipal and agricultural waste water, mixing fresh water with saline water, mulching, antitranspirants, silicate fertilizers, shifting to the cultivation of crops that require less quantities of irrigated water and using the concept of virtual water for importing the high water demand crops instead of cultivating them are examples. Saudi Arabia leads the concept of agricultural investments in various countries where the agricultural inputs are available and have a low pricing such as Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt and Pakistan. The climatic changes, cause the temperature rises, enhance the subsurface capillarity rises and surface evaporation. Accordingly, salts accumulate in the topsoil. Other factors in that manner are the seawater intrusion, poor drainage system and pedogenic processes related to the parent material (Hereher et al., 2022). The Joaquin valley, California, USA is an example in that context. Approximately 47,000 hectares have been retired due to regional drainage problems and pedogenic factors. On the other wards, the parent materials of marine and lacustrine depositions, being rich in natural salts and shalls, are the primary sources of salinization beside the poor drainage and water scarcity. Another example is the marine and lacustrine depositions in Egypt such as the lacustrine depositions of the lake Maryout and Abees. The water scarcity in these regions brings the agro-ecosystem toward the relative extremes more than that of the non-saline or even saline aeolian depositions widely spreaded in the African Sahara desert, northern China, southern central Asia, central Europe, Argentina, Alaska and central United States. © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 28 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VI ( D ) The Modified Richard’s Equation for Assessing the Impact of Drought and Salinity in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones. Part Two: A Soil Hydraulic Capacitance