Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, G: Bio-Tech & Genetics, Volume 22 Issue 2

potentiate the risk of bleeding resulting from warfarin therapy are angelica root, anise, arnica flowers, capsicum, chamomile, clove, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, ginkgo Biloba, licorice root, onion, parsley, quassia, and turmeric. Interpretation of the available information on warfarin-herb interactions is complicated because nearly most of these data are based on in vitro studies, studies on animals, or individual case reports. More studies are required to confirm the clinical significant of these interactions. There is strong evidence that alternative therapy, primarily herbal medicines, has interactions with warfarin. Pharmacists and other health care professionals should ask their patients before prescribing warfarin about any current intake of herbal medicines. Many drugs and foods interact with warfarin, including antibiotics, central nervous system drugs, and cardiac drugs. The danger is that substances can increase the warfarin effect as an anticoagulant. But on the other hand, gamma carboxylase polymorphisms and factor VII genes do not participate in predictive models of warfarin dose. The single contribution of both CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphism account for respective about 27% and 22% of maintenance dose variability (17). Therefore, the aggregate variability of warfarin potassium dose is explained by these two genes approaching 50% provided that other genetic factors. Synthetic preservatives, benzalkonium chloride, are potent inhibitors of warfarin potassium for the CYP2C9 gene, producing unpredictable effects of warfarin potassium therapy (18). The impact of the treatment is measured by many variables, including drug interactions, illnesses, patient's history, dietary or GIT features that interfere with vitamin K efficacy and bioavailability, and physiological variables which affect the synthetic or metabolic fate of the vitamin K- dependent coagulation factors. So, genetic factors must be considered as they can be ideal while all these variables are stable. Finally, CYP2C9 genotyping may not be helpful in some races like African-Americans or even as a marker for the long-term anticoagulation once the optimum and stable dose is reached (19). VI. C onclusions Indeed, it is needed to have a significant number of samples are to conduct clinical trials of this compound to determine its efficacy and activity on a large scale. But according to its chemical and biological properties, it is possible to expect its nature, mechanism of action, and its safety rather than warfarin sodium. The use of warfarin potassium has a well-known bleeding risk, although it can be used to treat patients with heart diseases or any cardiovascular disorders like thrombosis. Generally, the role of any anticoagulant in secondary prophylaxis against myocardial infarction, for instance, is well established. Although using warfarin sodium or potassium has superiority rather than other oral anticoagulants like aspirin, aspirin is used widely. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Ravina E (2011) . The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs . John Wiley & Sons. p. 148. ISBN 978-3-527-32669-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. 2. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2017. 3. Lim GB (December 2017) . "Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use" . Nature Reviews. Cardiology. 4. "The Top 300 of 2019". ClinCalc . Retrieved 16 October 2021 5. The Amer ican So ciety of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 6. "Warfarin diet: What fo ods should I avoid?". Mayoclinic.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. 7. Ansell J, Jacobs on A, Levy J, Völler H, Hasenkam JM (March 2005). "Guidelines for implementation of patient self-testing and patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. International consensus guidelines prepared by International Self-M onitoring Association for Oral Anticoagulation" (PDF). International Journal of Cardiology. 99 (1): 37–45. 8. Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI (March 2016). "When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral antico agulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemo- stasis. 14 (3): 623–627. 9. Macina OT, Schardein JL (2007). "Warfarin". Human Developmental Toxicant s. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. pp. 193–4. ISBN 978-0-8493- 7229-2. Retrieved on 15 December 2008 through Google Book Search. 10. Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vand vik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ, et al. (February 2012). "Evidence- based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians E vidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e152S–e184S 11. Garcia D, Crowther MA, Ageno W (April 2010). "Practical management of coagulopathy associated with warfarin". BMJ . 340: c1813. Modulation of Warfarin Sodium into Warfarin Potassium for Patients with Hypertension 1 Year 2022 13 © 2022 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue ersion I VII ( G )