Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, G: Bio-Tech & Genetics, Volume 22 Issue 2

In our article (Perez, 2010), https://www.ncbi . nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20658335 we wrote: « Why and how could this ancient code be preserved and maintained in spite of the changes and mutations during millions of years of evolution of the human genome?” In the 1940’s and 1950’s, Nobel prize winner Barbara McClintock discovered a peculiar phenomenon in maize: certain regions of a chromosome moved, or transposed, to other positions. This was the discovery of TRANSPOSONS (Fedoroff, 1984): often called “jumping genes” because of their ability to “jump” to completely different regions within the chromosome and later “jump” back to their original positions. Meanwhile, “jumping genes” is a misleading term because transpositions are related to noncoding areas as well as coding areas. A particular class of transposons moves from one place to another. (Class II transposons consist of DNA sections that move directly from place to place). Sometimes there is a palindrome-like swap of the transposon during this move. Example, the original sequence: 5’ TAAGGCTATGC 3’ 3’ ATTCCGATACG 5’ ... Moves to another genome region and becomes reversed as follows: 5’ GCATAGCCTTA 3’ 3’ CGTATCGGAAT 5’ We found the same process here. It joins a codon with its “mirror-codon”. Perhaps DNA double strand topological reshaping processes could explain genesis of the reported facts (hairpin-like unfolding, Moebius-like ribbon, Class II transposons?)... » These two observations about the role of transposons already partly explain the digital disharmony that we prove in this article. These famous transposons disrupt the functioning of synthetic genomes, so we delete them (!). On the contrary, we believe that these same transposons constitute a major piece of genome stability. The creation by men of SYNTHETIC genomes leads to a paradox on which I invite you now to think about: On the one hand, NATURAL DNA is a luxury of REDUNDANCY and SYMMETRY ... On the other hand, SYNTHETIC DNA manipulation and synthesis technologies rely on and exploit the same luxury of REDUNDANCY and symmetries ... Thus; Sometimes the technology will try to EXPLOIT SYMMETRY and REDUNDANCY: this is the case of CRISPR technology based on DNA PALINDROMES, so on SYMMETRY and REDUNDANCY. Sometimes the technology will try to DESTROY symmetry and REDUNDANCY: Such is the case of mutations and alterations of transposons (Breuer, 2019) in order to fight against these transposons which will alter the SYNTHETIC genome. This is also the case when one tries to reduce the REDUNDANCE of the universal genetic code by reducing it from 64 to 61 codons (Fredens, 2019). By our different research on the biomathematics of DNA, we have on the contrary demonstrated that this REDUNDANCY and this symmetry contribute to the UNITY and INTEGRITY of genes, chromosomes and genomes: When a Meta-code unifies DNA, RNA and amino acids (Perez, 2009: Perez, 2011; Perez, 2015; Perez, 2018d); When this master code unifies the genomic and proteomic meta structures of a gene (Perez, 2000; Perez, 2017e; Perez, 2017f; Perez, 2017g; Perez 2017h); When the multiple repetition of the same gene as DUF1220 is associated with mammalian brain properties via a kind of «FibLuc sequence» digital standing waves of its DNA (Sikela, 2006; Weiss, 2006; Parayon, 2011; Perez, 2017b); When we prove the existence of a UNITY of Fibonacci sequences on the scale of an whole human chromosome such as chromosome4 (Perez, 2017c); When we demonstrate how numerical proportions characterize the DNA of whole genomes of viruses, bacteria or Euchariotes (Perez 2013); When we highlight the UNITY of the 3 billion base pairs of the entire human genome (Perez, 2010; Perez, 2017d); When this whole human genome UNITY is destroyed by Cancer mutations (Perez, 2018a; Perez, 2018b; Perez, 2018c); When there is an evidence that these numerical structures (Petoukhov, 2019) of the genomes, particularly SYMMETRY and REDUNDANCY, are of TOPOLOGICAL nature (Rapoport 2016). This topological unified hyper structure of whole genomes is based particularly on Fibonacci Numbers, Golden ratio (Friedman, 2018), and Klein bottle (Rapoport§Perez, 2018). We can not manipulate the genomes "no matter how". Thus, transposons certainly play a key role in the stability and epigenetics of genomes. © 2022 Global Journals 1 Year 2022 44 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue ersion I VII ( G ) Epigenetics Theoretical Limits of Synthetic Genomes: The Cases of Artificials Caulobacter ( C. eth-2.0), Mycoplasma Mycoides (JCVI-Syn 1.0, JCVI-Syn 3.0 and JCVI_3A), E-coli and YEAST chr XII To conclude we will finally notice that the REAL genomes of bacteria analyzed obey two simultaneous numerical constraints of Phi and Phi * 2 (where Phi = 1.618 is the golden ratio and Phi * 2 = 2.618). For example, for a contiguous sequence of 21 TCAGs, we have simultaneously: Regular (forward) 21 TCAG / 8 TC = Phi * 2 And Reverse (backward) 21 TCAG / 13 TC = Phi. This double strong constraint on REAL genomes almost disappears in the case of SYNTHETIC genomes.