Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 22 Issue 1

Table 12: Pearson Chi-square between toilets with soap and open defecation free communities Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 22.225 a 13 .052 Likelihood Ratio 21.579 13 .062 Linear-by-Linear Association 1.862 1 .172 N of Valid Cases 225 The presence of soap according to the study did not matter so much to the users of toilets. As long as there was water to wash their hands after defecation they were content with that. As a result of nonuse of soap after using the toilet, 200,000 children under the age of five die from diarrhoea annually in Sub-Saharan Africa, while the numbers dying from cholera within the region are similarly high because of poor sanitation, hygiene practices, and unsafe water supplies (WHO, 2014). The sources of water in the communities were stream, boreholes and dugouts. It was indicated that most people (18.4%) of households in Motondo depends on stream water, 17.9% of households in Jibilago depends on boreholes and the percentage of those who depends on dugouts at Jibilago and Motondo were similar (12.7%) (Appendiix XI). This show that while most people in Jibilago depends on boreholes and dugouts most households in Motondo depended on stream and dugouts for water. The Pearson Chi-square p>0.05 (Table 13) showed that that there was no relationship between sources of water and the communities of residents. Table 13: Pearson Chi-square between sources of water soap and open defecation free communities Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 20.787 a 26 .753 Likelihood Ratio 21.617 26 .709 Linear-by-Linear Association 4.010 1 .045 N of Valid Cases 225 The source of water was not a determinant of open defecation and so there was no relation. Any water could be used to wash hands after defecation. k) Sustaining CLTS in the Mion District According to Water Aid(2008) identified negative attitudes involving carelessness, disrespect for traditional authority, and community norms as determinants of open defecation. It is therefore important that bylaws and enforcements are put in place in all communities to check open defecation. Also, Jenkins and Scott [11], identified behavioural patterns such as preference, intention, and choice as the determinants of open defecation in poor communities. Continuous education and sensitization are important to ensure that communities that have attained open defecation free status do not relapse into open defecation status. Building local capacity and engaging local leaders has been reported as an enabling factor for other WaSH behaviors, such as sustainability of household-water treatment and storage (HWTS) practices (Ojomo et al., 2015) . The local leaders and the youth are trained by the district environmental health officers. Trained local actors influence the behavior of their peers with diffusion theory, in which, among other factors, peer-communication and opinion leaders influence the adoption of a new behavior (Rogers, 2003) . Water management in Ghana is regulated by the Water Resources Commission (WRC). The WRC of Ghana was established by an Act of Parliament (Act 522 of 1996) to regulate and mange Ghana’s water resources and co-ordinate government policies in relation to them. Act 522 of 1996 has vested ownership and control of all water sources in the President on behalf of the people (WRC Ghana, 2015) . Ensuring adequate quality supply of water availability for human use is essential(Oki & Kanae , 2006) . Water management is divided into three classifications: managing the resource, managing water services, and ensuring a balance between supply and demand (United Nations, 2015 ). Rainwater harvesting is common in the Mion District and has a great potential to increase water availability in certain localized areas (WRC Ghana , 2015) . According to Anokye and Gupta (2012), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is an integrated approach that ensures public participation, the role of gender and recognizing the economic value of water. IWRM also advocate awareness creation of the importance of water among policy-makers and the public (Lonergan & Brooks , 1994) and involves users of water in the planning and implementation of water projects. IWRM ensures that, the management, operation and maintenance of water resources are placed in the hands of community members (Anokye & Gupta , 2012; WRC Ghana , 2015) . 1 Year 2022 4 © 2022 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue ersion I VI ( H ) Assessing the Determinants of Open Defecation Free Communities b ased on the Socio-Demographic and Economic Status of Household Heads in the Mion District of Northern Region, Ghana a. 9 cells (32.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.58. a. 21 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.49.