Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 22 Issue 5

entirety) – in this case, mainly, about natural interventions. In any case, it takes a long time (especially on a planetary scale) for the Earth system to tend towards self-regulation and a state of equilibrium (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). To obtain a broad scientific approach to the Earth system (a real challenge), new tools for observation (at varying scales), measurement and management of large amounts of data would be needed (from multiple locations) – the representative modeling of systemic processes (on a manageable scale) is simplified (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). The oceans act as thermal flywheels and climate moderators due to their large extension (covering more than 70% of the earth's surface) and the high heat capacity of water. Also, they are huge reservoirs (sinks) of CO 2 (containing about 60 times the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere) – gas exchange takes place from the ocean to the atmosphere: “almost all the oxygen found in the earth’s atmosphere was created by oxygenated photosynthesis in the ocean, carried out by single-celled phytoplankton – with oxygen levels reaching current levels around 2.2 billion years ago” (KANTHA and CLAYSON, 2000a; KANTHA and CLAYSON, 2000b; SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). Concerning the geosphere, it is the main solid reservoir on earth “which appears to be constant and unchanging, but nothing could be further from the truth” (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). It is a boundary layer – it is linked to the hydrosphere (about the ocean floor) as well as it reaches the atmosphere at the surface of the earth's crust (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). The dynamic nature of the geosphere can be dangerous to human interests through geophysical processes (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). As quoted in Skinner e Murck (2011), immediate effects of this geophysical process are the earth’s movements with the rupture of the surface itself; and the side effects are fires, landslides, soil liquefaction, and tsunami (“a seismic wave, initiated by the sudden movement of the sea bottom due to an earthquake, volcanic eruption or underwater landslide, and which have been particularly destructive in the Pacific and Indian oceans”) (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). Due to the significant impact of their occurrence, much research focuses on earthquake prediction based on an understanding of the tectonic scenario and the history of local seismic activity. Despite advances in researchs, “success with issuing accurate and specific short-term forecasts and early warnings remains elusive” (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). “The scientific basis for modern forecasting efforts is the observation of precursor anomalies – any strange or unusual occurrences that could signal an impending seismic event” (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). It turns out that such anomalies are highly inconsistent. Also, the erratic nature of such precursors, combined with the inherent difficulties in monitoring events that occur underground (at unexpected times and places), limits progress in earthquake prediction, according to the authors. A curious account in Skinner and Murck (2011) is about a case of strange animal behavior (well- documented) hours before an earthquake in China (Tianjin): “the normally quiet pandas screamed, the swans refused to approach the water, yaks did not eat, and snakes did not enter their burrows” (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011) – the tremor (magnitude 7.4) happened around noon of the same day; and the animals were sensitive to the circumstances of the environment, in some way – by correct perception. As for natural hazards and global climate change, for example, the uncertainty involved in the scientific understanding of the earth system is challenging for decision-makers and politicians. It is based on the precautionary principle – considering that if the potential consequences of an anticipated event are unacceptably severe, the authorities have a responsibility to take measures to avoid or mitigate those consequences (even if the probability of occurrence is small – and despite the scientific uncertainty) (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). The issue of human influence on Earth-system reservoirs, and the systemic reaction to this interference over time, is a problematic issue from a scientific point of view (SKINNER and MURCK, 2011). An anthropic circumstance – totally bizarre – according to Kahn (2007), is about the possibility of thermonuclear war: “the mind recoils from overthinking about it; one prefers to believe that this will never happen” (KAHN, 2007). Many of the military strategic concepts were developed from a “Cold War” era perspective in Kahn (2007), however it can still be verified (as an analysis parameter). “Herman Kahn earned his reputation as a futurist through his public willingness to consider what most people denied in the early 1960s: that a nuclear war could take place [...]. By raising the possibility publicly, he helped people to really see what they had at stake” (SCHWARTZ, 1996). People hardly consider the problems of thermonuclear warfare – “most of us simply do not believe in war, or at least in deliberate thermonuclear warfare, and most people also find it difficult to be concretely concerned about nuclear accidents and miscalculations” (KAHN, 2007). Kahn (2007) considers it essential to critically examine the crises resulting from war (hypothetical and potential) in an attempt to anticipate them in time to program corrective measures. “Defense problems in the modern world are of unprecedented complexity” – they have become disordered, and their solution is unrelated to principles that the military has derived from experience (KAHN, 2007). Due to stockpiles of nuclear bombs in the world, 1 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue V Year 2022 17 ( H ) Version I © 2022 Global Journals Autonomous Technology in Scenario by Rare Geophysical Processes (Underwater Focus)