Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 22 Issue 5

In reality, the “chance versus determinism” dilemma is a false problem – as follows: a) there is no logical incompatibility between chance and determinism (the state of a system at the initial instant, instead of being precisely fixed, can be disposed according to a particular law of chance); b) in practice, the state of a system at the initial instant is never known with perfect precision; and, c) the little chance at the initial moment can provide a lot of chance (or a lot of indeterminacy) at a later moment (RUELLE, 1993). “The central epistemological impact of chaos research is on issues of long-term prediction, and on the computability of most nonlinear deterministic systems” (LEIBER, 1998). The advent of deterministic chaos in the natural sciences has counter-argued the question of “perfect predictability” based on mathematical determinism, according to Leiber (1998). Since mathematical determinism is empirically meaningless, the assumption that mathematical determinism must imply long-term numerical computability is simply wrong (any kind of error, deviation, or perturbation is amplified exponentially). Based on systemic modeling for technologies, if there are severe quantitative limitations for long-term computability, there will also be limitations in terms of controllability (LEIBER, 1998). Problems that present “exponentially increasing algorithmic complexity” (depending on some system parameter) are considered “intractable” by Leiber (1998). As for physical systems of the marine environment (atmosphere and ocean), systemic complexity is characteristic (nonlinearity) – in meteorology and oceanography, one deals with fluids whose density depends on temperature and pressure (MARSHALL and PLUMB, 2008). In the context of geophysics, with regard to ocean analysis: Kamenkovich (1977) understands that it is necessary to comprehend the characteristics of the large-scale movements of its waters (due to its fundamental role). Olbers et al . (2012) also look at the influence of the oceans on earth's climate, weather, and ecosystems. Monin and Ozmidov (1985) highlight the primordial importance of turbulence in the formation of hydrological fields in the ocean for the governance of the “world climate” – heat is accumulated in ocean waters due to turbulent mixing in the tropics and is subsequently transferred by sea currents to temperate and arctic zones. Most of the energy in the ocean's motion is contained in turbulent vortices rather than the average circulation – this is a new conception which should replace the universally accepted notion of the ocean as a quasi-stationary system (with a pattern of turns on a constant scale) (MONIN and OZMIDOV, 1985). According to Monin and Ozmidov (1985) turbulence is a phenomenon observed in a large number of rotational flows (liquids and gases) whose thermodynamic and hydrodynamic variables suffer chaotic fluctuations (velocity vector, temperature, pressure, the concentration of contaminants, density, speed of sound, electrical conductivity, refractive index, etc.) (MONIN and OZMIDOV, 1985). Since the ocean is a vast reservoir of organic life, the intense turbulent movement in ocean waters is directly related to atmospheric exchanges. Otherwise, “the resources of biogenic material in the upper photosynthetic zone of the ocean and those of oxygen in the abyssal layers would soon be depleted [...] ocean would then change to a lifeless desert” (MONIN and OZMIDOV, 1985). As described by McWilliams (2006) the atmosphere and oceans exhibit complex patterns of fluid motion on a wide range of space and time scales (climate is a combination of these motions, on a planetary scale – a response to solar radiation inhomogeneously absorbed by the compounds of the air, the water, and the earth). “Spontaneous, energetic variability arises from instabilities in planetary-scale circulations, appearing in many different forms, such as waves, jets, vortices, boundary layers and turbulence” (MCWILLIAMS, 2006). “Geophysical fluid dynamics” (GFD) is the theoretical science of all types of fluid motion of complex nonlinear dynamics (planetary fluids – fluids from within the earth; lava flows from volcanoes; fluids from ocean circulation; and the atmosphere – and astrophysical fluids, since many of the scientific questions are similar). Mathematical analysis and computational modeling are essential research methodologies for the identification and study of dynamic processes behind of the observed phenomena (MCWILLIAMS, 2006). Most of GFD is a branch of physics (relevant aspects of dynamics, energy transfer by radiation, and atomic and molecular processes associated with phase changes) – however, GFD does not cover the entirety of ocean-atmosphere physics (it merely provides a mathematical representation and interpretation of the facts about earth's natural fluids). Also there is some chemistry, and even biology, in GFD as they influence the movement and evolution of reactive materials (MCWILLIAMS, 2006). Due to the complexity of geophysical motions (which is generally a consequence of fluid turbulence), “even tides, arising from spatially smooth and temporally periodic astronomical forces, can be quite complex in their spatial response patterns” (MCWILLIAMS, 2006). Although the dynamic equations used in GFD are “deterministic” in a mathematical sense (with the property of sensitive dependence - where any little 1 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXII Issue V Year 2022 2 ( H ) Version I © 2022 Global Journals Autonomous Technology in Scenario by Rare Geophysical Processes (Underwater Focus)