Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 1

for beverage packaging such that the latter can be reused. There are sixteen multilateral instruments which are very useful and they are grouped in four clusters: • Binding instruments directly governing chemicals in plastics (Stockholm convention, Montreal Protocol, Minamata convention, Rotterdam Convention, ILO 170). • Binding instruments directly governing aspects of life cycle of plastics (Basel convention, MARPOL Annex V, London convention, London Protocol). • Binding framework agreements of relevance (UNCLOS, CBD, UNFCCC, Paris Agreement). • Non-binding multilateral instruments of relevance to chemicals, wastes and plastics (UNEA, UNGA; Resolution 70/1 on the 2030 agenda, SAICM). a) Characterizing Actors and Approaches: State, Market and Civil Society Although state, market and civil society are in the first place different entities, it is important to realise that many organizations, approaches and governance structures have overlapping features. Furthermore state, market and civil society are strongly related and are exerting influence on each other, and the role and performance of either of them cannot be made clear without considering their common grounds towards each other. Creating a platform, for example a discussion forum, where these three entities can meet on a regular basis, will allow the identification of gaps and shortcomings in the current situation and to develop additional and novel approaches and instruments. A stakeholder analysis is a useful method to obtain further insights in the importance of particular actors and their role in managing plastic waste. Analyzing stakeholders is also useful for designing and selecting effective strategies through which various actors can be approached and stimulated to change their actions or decisions. The stakeholder analysis could for example be used to develop a communication strategy. b) Strategies for Change The different actors concerned can launch campaigns to create awareness and drive political will, they can initiate clean-ups, conduct research and monitoring, establish new policies and laws or amend existing ones. The main goal of many strategies is to bring a change in the mindset of people at different levels such that actions can be easily undertaken. Education and outreach are key to drive the chosen strategies. One can think of the need to raise awareness about plastic pollution among consumers and citizens and among public and private organizations, or of different ways in which civil society can be mobilized to protest and demand action. But raising awareness by itself will not be sufficient. Therefore there are other strategies that actors can carry These different strategies to bring change can be categorised into four groups (Brouwer and Biermann 2011) which are attention- and support-seeking, linking, relational management and arena strategies. As mentioned above, whether particular strategies are useful and successful depends on the time and place in which they are deployed, and on how they are designed. The ‘4Es’ framework (Zamriet al., 2020) for designing initiatives to change people’s behavior consists of four complementary elements which are Enable (make it easier), Engage (get people involved), Exemplify (lead by exemplify) and Encourage (give the right signals). To draw people’s attention and to heighten their interest, it is essential for social instruments to take as a starting point the ‘sense- making’ of the citizens and their realities- their lives and surroundings. Information on its own is not enough to create the much needed and lasing change in people’s mindset. Both information and instruction are required to work hand in hand to be able to get people actively involved. Adopting new ways of behavior should be highly encouraged without compromising their freedoms is a challenging task, with possible political implications. Being versatile with social marketing will definitely help in the design of tangible activities from the array of social instruments. However, this is perhaps not the case in a waste management facility. This is the knowledge that engineers and public health officials in the field of waste management should acquire and is conceived from sociology, social psychology, evolutionary psychology, cognitive neurosciences, and other related fields that corporate marketing often employs for its commitments. In addition, the general public can be made aware about the producer’s involvement in an approved recovery scheme, such as the ‘Green Dot’ scheme for packaging, which has been devised and implemented in Germany (Rousso and Shah, 1994). The ‘Green Dot’ logo on packaging notifies that the producer is meant to pay a certain fee to the national organization for packaging recovery that has been imposed according to the European Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62 and the respective national law. It is noted that organizations in 28 countries have adopted Holistic Approach to Tackle (Micro) Plastic Pollution: The Case of Mauritius 1 Year 2023 29 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VI ( H ) through to realize new policies and different ways of producing, using and managing waste. Most actions require the involvement of other actors, and sustainable solutions mainly emerge from a national/international network of actors. To achieve collective action one needs to convince other actors such as individuals or organizations, to join a network and collaborate to tackle plastic waste. Such collaboration needs to be initiated and a network of actors needs to be built and coordinated. Successful actions therefore not only require assembling teams and networks, but also managing them.