Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries Friday Nwankwo Archibong α , Louis Chukwuemeka Orakweh σ , Anselm Ogah Ogah ρ , Peace Ugochinyerem Nlemedim Ѡ & Stephen Ogbonna Mbam ¥ Abstract- The highly toxic materials appearing in the food processing effluents are persistent on the natural ecosystem. The resultant effect is magnifying throughout the food chain and adversely affecting both public health and environmental health. So, effluent from food processing industries havereceived extensive research awareness. This review examines the adapted engineering bio-treatment methods for effluent and their treatment mitigations. Effluents from various food processing industries are also discussed. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted from this effluent and differ in chemical formation, amount, and possible threat. Natural methods used for their reduction have definite advantages and disadvantages. Risk reduction evaluations are the basic step for the treatment methods. Different physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies have been applied to remove microorganisms from effluent,each having inherent merits and limitations. The simultaneous novelty of bio-energy and bio-treatment of effluent made this work outstanding. Keywords: bio-treatment; effluent; food processing; industry; microorganism. I. I ntroduction and and water bodies in almost the world are affected by eutrophication, contamination, and exhaustion. Urbanization encroachment in every nook and cranny of the world has increased contamination due to human and industrial activities. These activities affect agricultural soils and waters by way of contamination. However, because the world has shown more interest in the present environmental issues and sustainable solutions, scientists and engineers face the task of using waste and weak small soil locations. These can realize when the soil locations and water bodies are balanced using bio-treatment methods (1-4). Numerous adverse effects witnessed from these contaminations are from food processing industries. These affect aquatic life negatively. The dissolved substances volatilize into the atmosphere, contribute to acid rain, pose a significant health issue to humans, and cause rust to materials (5-6). Recently, efforts to treat contaminants from gaseous, solid, and wastewater become a major concern. The techniques commonly include engineering bio-treatment (7), chemical methods [8], and biological methods (9-10). Today, the engineering bio-treatment technique is the most widely used for contaminants removal due to its low cost compared to other methods (11-12). Engineering bio-treatment system (EBS), combined with chemical and biological treatment, has been observed as a successful method for contaminants removal. Liang et al. (13) used a bio- electrochemical system (BES) to remove sulfate from wastewater. Other researchers have also combined several methods for contaminant removal (14-15). Some treatment techniques add another impurity to the treated medium (16), and the impact can harm humans and aquatic life. Therefore, efforts to ensure that adulterations are not observed after treatment guarantee the environment's total safety. Briefly, numerous prerequisites accessible for effluent treatments are summarised in (Fig. 1). PAHs seem to exist in several natural environments, so their influence on the ecosystem is growing due to their toxic impact on humans and aquatic life. Among the numerous PAHs, benzo(a)pyrene is the most dangerous contaminant observed in effluent chiefly from the petrochemical industries and unleashes carcinogenic substances (17). The notable pollutants in the effluent from food industries elucidate in (Table1). Numerous sources of contamination involved the unleashing of unrefined or processed liquid from cities and villages, discharge from processing or industrial plants, flow from farmland, and leachates from waste disposal locations. Insufficiency of water, population growth, energy, and the development of new material technologies have forced researchers to probe into viable effluent treatment and waste recycling (18-20). The fundamental alterable to be observed for the effluent disposal are the odour, colour, oil, grease, pH, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD & COD), and L Author α § : Mechanical Engineering Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Nigeria. e-mails: fridayashibong@gmail.com, stevembam@outlook.com Author α σ : Department of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. Author α ρ : Department of Polymer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. Author Ѡ : Department of Chemical Engineering, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Nigeria. 1 Year 2023 29 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H )