Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

Figure 4: Unprotective Site of Grain Processing Factory in Abakaliki, Nigeria f) Effluent from the Palm Oil Mill Industry Pollutant flowing with palm fruit effluent is the most noticeable in agro-industrial wastes (84). The palm oil mill effluent (POME) consists of a large number of suspended solids, organic carbon, oil, and grease. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Biological oxygen demand (BOD) values for POME are estimated to be as high as 100,000 mg/L, which risks the environment (85- 86). Al Azad et al. investigated the simultaneous incubation period of a purple non-sulfur bacterium in decreasing COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in resolved POME (87). The physicochemical characteristics of raw and treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) as elucidating in (Table 2).The microalgae treatment of POME is essential but creates negative effects if not handled very well (88). Pre-treatment in POME is found effective as it converts lignin into sugar reducing supplement. Efficiencies for pollutant removal arefound in different parameters, for instance, 62.07% for total nitrogen (TN), 47.09% for COD, and 30.77% for total phosphorus (TP) (89). Further research indicated that immobilized microalgae cells exhibited a wonderful biomass concentration of 1.27 g/L and a COD decrease of 71% (90) than other suspended free cells. Dissolved oxygen is relatively higher in effluent from oil processing factories when compared to other industries (91). Table 2: Physicochemical Characteristics of Raw and Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) [87] Parameter Raw POME Resolved POME Reduction pH 3.68 3.78 - Chemical oxygen demand (mg/L) 39,900 21,540 46.2 Total solid (mg/L) 50,782 ± 1215 12,885 ± 40.86 74.6 Total volatile solid (mg/L) 43,099 ± 988 9510 ± 46.78 77.9 Total suspended solids (mg/L) 12,318 ± 265 1624 ± 146 86.8 Oil and grease (mg/L) 4132 ± 70.68 151 ± 26.03 96.3 Total nitrogen (mg/L) 804 ± 53.49 239 ± 100.75 70.3 Total phosphorus (mg/L) 120 ± 5.07 77 ± 3.96 35.8 A dapted B io- T reatment M ethods Water is a prime component in food processing, the beginning and midway cleaning of roots, an effective shipment of raw materials, and the lead actor for disinfecting plant machinery and work areas. Due to this substantial water usage, food production's main concern is that water and wastewater are controlled in the highest inexpensive method and reused in any way feasible to lower costs and remain environmentally acquiescent. The functional design for any food industry usage should match your plant requirements for the best efficacy. A pre-treatment form is often the most straightforward and inexpensive solution if the main concern is to lower adjusted parts to an acceptable discharge degree. Significant removal of suspended solids, oil, grease, and BOD is possible by executing a system based on the dissolved Air Flotation operation. a) Electric Discharge Plasma Methods In foodstuff industries, many volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted, which differ in chemical formation, amount, and possible threat. Traditional methods used for their reduction have definite merits IV. 1 Year 2023 33 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries