Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

aerobic reactor and membrane bioreactor improved the degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (121). The use of livestock waste for the production of methane and treatment of the same wastewater showed that methane yield was recorded as highest at a hydraulic retention time of 15 days because of the higher microbial operation (122). Some other researchers have investigated the use of membrane bioreactors in food processing industries (123-125). This method can also be applied in pharmaceutical effluent treatment (126) to reduce the growing pathogens in hospitals. d) Electrochemical Treatment Method The electrochemical method for treating food- industry effluent generally lowers the concentration of organic pollutants. Effluent from food and beverage factories has a greater drawback on the economy and environment. Tackling this problem means that the impact created should be solved with immediately available technologies. Boron-doped diamond is the best-utilized anode material because of its high performance in discharging hydroxyl radicals and this pushes for higher pollutant removal in the chloride presence (127). The electrochemical process is gaining more popularity because of its effective pollutant removal within a lesser period compared to normal biological treatment (128). Though ultra-stable electrolyte is needed to degrade and avert the build-up of undesired outgrowth (129). This method is also used in the water recycling operation of dissolved air flotation from the food industry (130). Wastewater from maize processing industries can be harvested for cleaner production of electricity (131-132).A study by (133)used integrated technology for sugar factory effluent treatment. The outcome indicated that the single use of ultrasonication and electrocoagulation processes of treatment did not show a promising result in terms of COD removal. Meanwhile, the combination of the dual processes shows better efficiency. This process is purely inexpensive compared to other technologies. A good example of integrating more than one treatment technology is reported (134-135). e) Bio-Removal of Dyes The agro-based bio-treatment process could be utilized for the direct removal of dyes and can also act as a co-substrate to invigorate the decolorization of dyes by fungi and bacteria (136). The utilization of biologically activated banana peel waste has demonstrated a great adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye at a low cost in a green environment (137). Another bio-removal of methylene blue was successful using yeast with a removal percentage of over 70% at standard conditionsunderthe highest temperature of 35 ºC (138). The application of the Langmuir equation helps to homogenize adsorption on the tops of absorbate and absorbent charge to possess the same proportion of sorption stimulus energy. Under high temperatures, betaine laccase displayed higher decolorization of some recalcitrant organic dyes in wastewater and aqueous solution (139). Other studies have been performed relating to the biosorption of various dyes using leaf-based biosorbents and very reliable findings are reported in the literature, elucidated in Table 3. For example, Alhajali et al. (140)have examined the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from an aqueous solution using pistacia leave powder as a biosorbent. The authors reported high removal potential at a powder dose of 2 g/L and temperature of 25 ºC. Characterization using SEM, FTIR, and EDX confirmed the efficacy of this natural method. Non- selective utilization of dyes adulterates water bodies and this poses a dangerous threat to public health. The good carbon content of eucalyptus leaves shows its best removal efficiency of adsorbent (methylene blue dye from water) at a higher pH range (141). While the adsorption adopts pseudo-second-order kinetics, the method is inexpensive, available, and eco-friendly. 1 Year 2023 36 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) Table 3: Studies Relating to the Adsorption of Dyes from Aqueous Medium using Leaf-Derived Biosorbents Source Adsorbent ppties Dye The optimal condition of the experiment(IDC, dose, pH, Temp, rpm, CT. Removal efficiency/ad sorption capacity Desorption efficiency Isotherm model Kinetic model Ref. Lemongrass leaf NaOH Methylene blue/crystal violet 200 mg/L, 0.005-0.05, 2- 9, 25-50 ºC, 60 rpm 76.92 & 35.84 mg g -1 64.35±0.88% for CV and 92.90±1.70% for MB. Langmuir Pseudo- second- order [142] Cucumis sativus peel Sodium chloride Crystal violet 5.0 g/L, 160 – 900 ºC, 1 h 149.25 mg g -1 17.14% Langmuir Pseudo- second- order [143] Nigella sativa L. herb Sodium hydroxide Synthetic dye 1000 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 8, 360 min 136.2 mg g -1 - Langmuir PSO [144] Seed of Artocarpus heterophyllu s & NaOH & hydrochloric acid Lead 2 µg/mL, 60 mg, 5.8, 300 rpm, 70 min. 96% for SBAh & 93% for SBSc/4.93 for SBAh & 3.95 - Temkin Inter- particle diffusion [145] © 2023 Global Journals An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries