Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

f) Bio-Recalcitrant Pollutant Removal The destructive recalcitrant of organic pollutants from industrial effluent is a major public health challenge to the world. A lot of these contaminants are available in every space of our environment (153). Green-grey technologies amount to a promising pathway for instigating first-hand wastewater treatment and recycling in our cities (154). Fe(III) coagulant-treated colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) are adjudged the most efficient in the removal of bio-recalcitrant colour and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in cassava distillery wastewater (155). Photocatalytic reactors have helped in the degradation of bio-recalcitrant organics from pharmaceuticals, pesticides, surfactants, and dyes which may escape with treated water (156). Though this method can only be effective in the laboratory setup, effortsto industrialize it are being employed. Combined efforts of hybrid microbial electrochemical systems and photocatalysis exhibitedsubstantial prospects for the degradation of bio-recalcitrant pollutants and improved system production (157). The study to integrate the microbial electrochemical systemwith electro-Fenton oxidation leads to an efficient process to deal with recalcitrant compounds (158). Nitrogen pollution is a major threat to aquatic life. Reduction of this nitrate pollutant could be made possible via a novel system of informally coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (159). This novelty showed a removal efficiency of 40.3% after a few hours. g) Photofermentation Using Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria Photofermentation is observed virtually in every solid waste and wastewater of numerous food and beverage processing industries. Solid waste and wastewater from food industries are converted to bio- hydrogen via photofermentation using purple non-sulfur bacteria as biocatalysts(160). Two enzymes of nitrogenase and hydrogenase are utilized in the creation of bio-hydrogen (161). The utilization of purple non- sulfur bacteria (PNSB) for single-cell protein is of great help in mainstream protein sources for the production of feed for aquaculture and poultry (162-37). The two- phase bio-refinery operation to waste substrates building ethanol-rich effluents is examined (163). The process allowed microbial consortia held in the winery wastewater to advance through a fermentative ethanol corridor. It is difficult to produce bio-hydrogen due to the metabolic route changes involved but the identification of lignocellulosic feedstock using microbes-dependent to crash the operational cost and reduce waste produced has made it feasible (164). This process is efficient enough to cater to succeeding energy demands. The use of nanomaterial and bioelectrochemical technology is confirmed to be appropriate for fermentative hydrogen production (165). A by-product called furfural is detrimental to the photofermentation production of hydrogen when lignocellulose biomass is undergoing hydrolysis. A better result of hydrogen production is obtained when furfural is in total absence from the production chain (166). A top hydrogen yield of 2.59 ± 0.13 mol-H 2 /mol- glucose while a top production rate of 100.64 ± 3.12 mmol-H2/(h.mol-glucose) are gotten in the absence of furfural but a noticeable barrier is recorded in the presence of furfural (Fig. 7). The application of thermosiphon photobioreactor in the production of bio- hydrogen is examined using rhodopseudomonas palustris (167). The result of the response surface methodology models indicated topmost specific 1 Year 2023 37 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) Syzygium cumini mg/g for SBSc Sugarcane bagasse - Methylene blue 100 mg/L, 45 ºC, 24 h 98.32%/9.41 mg g -1 - Sips ′ s three- parame ter Pseudo- second- order [146] Rice husk, cow dung & sludge biochar - Methylene blue 1000 gm, 0.6-6.0 g/100 mL,2.0 – 11.0, 500 ºC, 3 h, 99.0% for all the sources - Langmuir Pseudo- first & second- order [147] Fique plant HCl & NaOH Textile dye 50 mL, 0.5 g, 2.4 – 3.8, 45 ºC, 24 h 66.29% - Exponentia l decay - [148] Bilberry leaves - Cationic dye 53.34% pH, 12.00% Temp, 22.11% CT, 200.4 mg g -1 - Sips General order [149] Lemon grass Activated carbon Remazol brilliant violet 5R 25 – 500 mg/L, 2-12, 30 – 60 ºC, 0 – 24 h, 125 & 342.9 mg g -1 - Langmuir & Koble Corrigan PFO [150] Waste wood biomass - Congo red 10 -100 mg dm -3 , 4 – 9, 5 – 360 min, 71.8%/3.3 mg g -1 18.6% Langmuir Pseudo- second- order [151] Peels of Trapa natans & citrullus lanatus Citric acid treated Cationic dyes 250 mL, 100 g, 30 ºC, 150 rpm, 6 – 10 h 128 & 189 mg g -1 - Langmuir Pseudo- second- order [152] Note: ppties: properties; IDC: initial dye concentration; Temp: Temperature; rpm: revolution per speed; CT: contact time An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries