Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

hydrogen production rates of 0.17 mol m – 3h – 1 and 0.21 mmol Gcdw – 1h – 1 at R. palustris concentrations of 1.21 and 0.4 g/L. The computed hydrogen yield falls within the range of 45 to 77% and the glycerol consumption is 8 to 19%, respectively. Figure 7: Hydrogen Production from Glucose in the Presence of Furfural (A) Accumulative Hydrogen Yield (B) Hydrogen Production Rate [166] h) Integrated Treatment Strategies of Effluent in Food Processing Industries Explosive chemicals get into the environment during manufacturing, firing, loading, assembling, and packaging operations. Contaminated effluent from those operations if released untreated, becomes a threat to the standard of most important environmental constituents of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Treatment of these hazardous materials from the wastewater before release to the environment is important. A single method may not wholly achieve much but integrated treatment where two or more techniques are employed may go a long way in obtaining adequate results (168). Wastewater from the food processing industry is a good source of energy and a primary source for getting valuable items. The characteristic of food waste effluents is summarized in (Table 4). Reuse and recovery in food processing firmsare aimed at enhancing food productivity while reducing operational costs and avoiding environmental calamity through an integrated approach (169). Tannery effluents contain some chromium materials and their wastewater can be reusable through an integrated process of treatment. The treatment removal efficiency of this chromium-contaminated effluent ranges from 82 to 99.9% which is now safe for irrigation (170). A study by (171) required at least a minimal quantity of microalgae to keep operational stability and expand methane production. A Continuous stirred reactor is the most efficient type of reactor used for the conversion of wastewater to biogas though with challenges (172). Table 4: Removal Efficiency from Food Processing Effluents Food firm wastewater BOD COD TSS pH Total nitrogen (TN) Total phosphorus (TP) Ref. Cassava - 88.7±1.2% - 9.0 72.4±3.2% 74.1±10.8% [173] Slaughterhouse - 97.1% - - 90.8% 90.1% [174] Fruit juice 99.7% 99% 98.4% - - - [175] Brewery 93% 77% 90% - 87% 89% [176] Palm oil - 90.20% - 4.3 94.44% 94.24% [177] i) E-Beam Radiation of Effluent in Food Processing Industries The application of e-beam and gamma irradiation to treat food industrial effluents is gaining momentum in recent times. The current challenge of a global health crisis in association with fresh and groundwater pollution demands for safe disposal of effluents. Effluent is made up of heterogeneous suspended particles, dissolved organic, inorganic solids, salt, and some phenolic compound that are recalcitrant to microbial degradation (178). Electron beam treatment of any type of food effluent is noticed to be very efficient in reducing the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (79). Remediation of wastewater from the food processing industry using e-beam irradiation is a key to viable smart and green cities across the world (179). For example, a 13 kGy dose of e-beam is used for the reduction of human adenovirus type-5 aggressive titres by almost 100% (180). This shows how effective e-beam © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 38 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries