Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

k) Use of Bacillus Organismsin Effluent Treatment Machines used for food processing harbour contaminated microorganisms on the machine surfaces before and after cleaning processes.The removal of such microorganisms from equipment surfaces is more tedious on stainless steel due to its rough surface nature (196). This tediousness occurs due to the exopolysaccharide's protective sheath against harsh conditions (197). Bacillus cereus variants exhibited efficient bioremediation possibilities during the degradation of fats, oils, greases, and odours reduction (198). But various probiotics strain of bacillus is beneficial to human health. Valuable substrates from agricultural effluentare used as a high efficient cellulase production (199). The authors concluded that bacterial strain is effective to degrade the coconut mesocarp which carries a high quantity of lignin and hemicelluloses without preliminary treatment. These features make it significant as an effective degrader for numerous other agricultural effluents. Similarly, normal antimicrobial lipopeptides discharged from bacillus spp acted as a food bio-preservative (200). This technique enhances the shelf life of numerous perishable foods like vegetables, fruits, drinks, and aquatic goods. This type of research is also conducted on a commercial scale in comparison with a laboratory setup (201). For example, commercial crop probiotic is examined using bacillus subtillis CW-S in closed vessel fermentation (202). The authors summarized that molasses and urea medium dished out an acceptable cell density of 7.19 × 10 8 CFU/mL in comparison to the control of 1.51 × 10 7 CFU/mL with expensive media of 1.84 × 10 7 – 1.37 × 10 9 CFU/mL. Metabolites produced from bacillus spp improve crop yieldby providing the plant with several micronutrients, volatile compounds, and antimicrobial earmarking pathogens (203). Other species of the bacillus display opposition to pathogens by generating growth hormones such as cytokinins, gibberellin, and spermidines leading to root and shoot growth. The presence of bacillus in the soil shows great protection against harsh environmental stimuli like droughts, heavy metals, and salinity in the plants. It can decontaminate metal-contaminated soil and enhance the carbon segregation procedure when used in a controlled concentration (204). It can act efficiently as a denitrifying agent in an agricultural environment and ensure soil health balance by green remediating automation. A strain of bacillus velezensis CE 100 is used to inhibit plant phytopathogenic fungi and its gain improves strawberry production (205). Also, the production of indole-3-acetic acid from the above bacillus enhances crop nutrient uptake while promoting cell division and distinctness. This particular strain is helpful in the organic matter removal and impedes the development of harmful bacteria from slaughterhouse effluent (206). The benefit of this method is that it acts as an antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme that performs barrier occupation (207). l) Eichhorniacrassipes (Water Hyacinth) and Panicum Maximum Treatment Method Effluents from various food processing factories consist of high levels of chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphate. Their value in the wastewater composition is above the standard recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). These effluents if discharged into fresh water without treatment can lead to public health catastrophes. By so doing, the removal of these parameters by Eichhorniacrassipes and Panicum maximum displayed high performance (41). The authors concluded that both Eichhorniacrassipes and Panicum maximum decrease pollutant loads of effluent undergoing fermentation. Another study by (208) investigated the best conditions for organic matter removal using Eichhornia crassipes. A factorial design denoted by X1, X2, and X3 is used to ascertain the impact of residence time, plant density, and COD concentration while process efficiency is evaluated with Y1 for COD, Y2 for NH 4+ and Y3 for PO 4 3- , respectively. In summary, the optimal removal rate for COD is 81%, NH 4+ is 95% and PO 4 3- is 99.35%. Phytoremediation drive in vetiver grass is utilized to decontaminate polluted water and industrial effluent due to its physiological and morphological attributes (209). Some other plants which performa similar function as Eichhornia crassipes include Seaweed (210) and macrophytes (211). m) Antibiotic Resistance Treatment of Food Processing Effluents The issue of antibiotic resistance is fast growing into a global health calamity. The overuse or misuse of this antibiotic is a major factor in the exposure of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial organisms. This problem is not eradicable but can be managed through the treatment of infections. Improving the use of antibiotics in food processing factories should be a prime concern to avoid the spread and disclosure of resistance across the food chain (212). Most of these treatment methods can cause selective elimination and alter the proportion of phenotypes or genotypesunder bacterial growth in the effluent. The ineffective elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) from wastewater treatment plants and effluent lead to the active rollout of resistance genes to native microorganisms (213). The ecology of enterococci and associated bacteria in treated and untreated wastewater is examined on the widespread presence of antibiotic resistance phenotypes within the bacteria group (214). The result showed that the principal species of enterococcus are found in untreated wastewater while the associated quantities of enterococcus faecalis continue to exist in © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 40 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries