Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 2

treated and untreated wastewater. Furthermore, the antibiotic-resistant strains of enterococci are not removed through wastewater treatment. The use of reclaimed wastewater to irrigate farms with edible crops constitutes a big risk linked to the composition of antibiotic bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant genes (215). A study of different effluent samples from two seafood processing industries are investigated between 2021 and 2022 (216). The result showed that from the samples, different bacterial species are identified with different bacterial loads. Because of a high level of recurrence of this antimicrobial resistant, urgent measures should be adopted across other industrial sectors to inhibit the increase and spread of this antimicrobial resistance. The use of nanoparticles also played a vital role in this regard (217). A novel use of mild heat and sonication is profitably developed to sanitize bacteria in fresh foods (218). The result showed that the integrated methods improved deactivation, leading to 5.58-log depletion in E. coli at 4 min. Furthermore, an increment in treatment time from 4 to 8 min ensued in absolute antibiotic resistance genes degeneration and constrained the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. This study summarized that the synergistic impact of mild heat and sonication is opposed to ARB and ARGs. An attempt to obtain high efficient anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater through CH 4 production and ARG attenuation is carried out (219). The authors summarized that the dewatered swine manure-derived biochar-300 (DSMB-300) displayed the best performance. Besides, DSMB adapted from DSM and DSMB-assisted anaerobic digestion displayed a high possibility of resistance gene attenuation.The effluent discharged from fish processing plant help to spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria into our natural environments (220). Proper management practices and legislation can protect the environment and regulate seafood processing plants' hygiene. n) Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment in Food Processing Industries Anaerobic wastewater treatment started full- scale operation in 1958 and its efficiency is highly encouraging (221). Inexpensive approaches are designed for food processing wastewater management. A study by (222) examined the impact of the anaerobic- aerobic treatment system of a potato processing factory. The result showed that the integrated anaerobic- aerobic system removal efficiency for TSS is 93%, for BOD is 90% and for COD is 80%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TSS, BOD, and COD increased in volume, and the wastewater treatment plant pleased National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) for TSS (200 mg/L), NEQS for BOD (80 mg/L) and NEQS for COD (150 mg/L). Assessment and maximization of textile wastewater using a hybrid anaerobic-aerobic system are carried out in two phases (223). The result shows that a single treatment of anaerobic exhibited low performance in the removal of COD, Total Nitrogen (TN), and dyes. Meanwhile, an integrated system of anaerobic-aerobic offers a better removal efficiency of 99.5% for COD, 99.3% for TN, and 78.4% for dyes. Combined anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor treated high-strength effluent (wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse) and displayed percentage removal of total COD (TCOD) at 97% ± 2%, soluble COD (SCOD) at 95% ± 3%, NH3-N at 98% ± 1.3%, fat, oil and grease (FOG) at 90% ± 11% and total suspended solids (TSS) at 96% ± 3% (224). Value- added products are increasingly gotten from dairy, slaughterhouses, and brewery influents as vital resources. Then, extensive anaerobic treatment automation of this can yield average methane of 487 Nm 3 /day (225-226). Another study by (227) integrated an anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor for the treatment of waste water, and the removal efficiency of organic matter content got to 83 ± 5%, and Nitrogen got to 73 ± 3% without the incorporation of electron donor. The performance of aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors is used as an alternative for water, energy, and fertilizer retrieval (228). The result showed that for organic matter treatment, anaerobic membrane displayed a better removal efficiency of 97% while aerobic membrane treatment showed better nitrogen removal efficiency of 80%. Recovery of 527 m3/h of permeate could be used in the cane-washing process or as feedstock for fertilizer procurement. Soybean molasses is a viscous liquid with high volumes of soluble carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Anaerobic-aerobic baffled reactor is used in organic matter degradation from soybean molasses for possible biogas generation (229). From the result, COD total removal is efficient with average values between 88 and 98% while final effluent concentration is between 34 and 764 mgO 2 /L. This shows that an anaerobic-aerobic baffled reactor possesses a great possibility for the biological degradation of soybean molasses. It further shows that the method produces an estimated 180000m 3 /year with a concentration of methane high at 86%. An integrated anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic rector technique is utilized for nitrogen removal from poultry slaughterhouse effluent (230). The outcome indicated that the best-performed reactor is witnessed in step III with a recirculation rate of 2 and hydraulic retention time of 11 hr. On this particular performance, the NH 4 + and TN removal efficiencies are 84% and 65%, respectively. Without much opposition, the 65% removal efficiency of TN is pronounced adequate because the conceptual denitrification efficiency anticipated for this situation is a recirculation rate of 2 67%, which occurred under no external carbon source. Slaughterhouse effluent 1 Year 2023 4 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VII ( H ) An Overview on Engineering Bio-Treatment Methods for Effluent in Food Processing Industries