Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 5

Improved varieties Mitigating the risks of losses Education, sensitization, extension services Value chain essentials Better water management Collaboration with stakeholders Adaptation and mitigating the food security risks of climate change V. D iscussion From the case above, this analysis discovers that non-state actors have been instrumental in contributing to climate change risk reduction and smallholder farmers’ adaptation. In other words, NSAs help in building the resilience of stakeholders in order to effectively help deal with climate change impacts. From the data deduced from the extant literature, the following themes have been deduced which have been used to construct figure 1 below. Source: Developed by author from extant literature Figure 1: NSAs-Holistic Empowerment Framework © 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 56 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VV ( H ) Addressing Security Risk Caused by Climate Change Across Nations: The Role of Non-State Policy Actors development of irrigation projects or facilities. The Northern part of Ghana mostly experiences six months of rain and another six months of the dry season which means that finding ways to get a regular water supply in the ensuing six months of fry season is critical. NGOs in the study have been instrumental in the provision and facilitation of irrigation facilities for farmers. (Adapted from Yabubu et al, 2019) As illustrated in figure 1 above, the study reveals that due to the variability of climate elements such as rainfall and temperature, non-state actors, specifically, NGOs assist farmers with improved varieties of crops that mature earlier before the ‘bad times’ set in by which time they crops are already matured. Additionally, drought-resistant crops which can withstand the long period of drought have been introduced and encouraged the farmers to use which have been ways of reducing the adverse effects of climate change on food security in these farming communities Even after introducing these drought-resistant and early gestation plants, the study highlights how NGOs go the extra mile to mitigate any unforeseen consequence which might be caused by failure of the rains to set in or unpredictably failure to ‘honour its obligations’ on the expected times. Consequently, NGOs encourage and assist farmers to insure their farms against any of such losses provided the latter will be able to prove that the crop failure was a result of the rains failing to come at the appropriate time with recorded evidence. Irrespective of the demands of this effort, it nonetheless remains an important intervention that meticulous farmers do incorporate to ensure certainty in their farming activities. More importantly, knowledge is power and the ability to engage in one activity or the other involves one’s knowledge and know-how of the entity. Consequently, NGOs sensitize farmers, and educate them on relevant issues regarding climate change and how to cope with same. They provide extension services to monitor and through hands-on activities encourage farmers to adopt best practices that are tried and tested. They assist in the varieties of crops and their advantages, which farming methods are conducive to the times, and other agro-related issues on marketing among others. As part of the sensitization process, farmers are introduced to ways to conserve water and deploy it to use during the dry seasons or when the