Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, H: Environment & Earth Science, Volume 23 Issue 5

© 2023 Global Journals 1 Year 2023 58 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Volume XXIII Issue ersion I VV ( H ) Addressing Security Risk Caused by Climate Change Across Nations: The Role of Non-State Policy Actors more inclusive and deliberative form of public policy decision-making (Bäckstrand & Kuyper, 2017). VI. C onclusion and P olicy I mplications The activities of NSAs have become more pronounced and nuanced in the period after Copenhagen Conference and reinforced by the Paris Conference. The importance of civil society and private sector contributions have particularly been highlighted in relation to developing country activities, such as finance and the negative consequences resulting from climate change. With the Paris Conference where states are obliged to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), it can be realized these NDCs can only be fully realized with the state acting in concert with non-state actors. The study concludes that NSAs vary in size, influence, and ability to make a meaningful impacts in terms of reducing the security risks posed by climate change. Based on their resource availability and organizational prowess, they are able to make an impact in the lives of smallholder farmers to help reduce losses incurred by climate change. The study argues that the ability of NGOs to make an impact in the lives of smallholder farmers requires a holistic and more comprehensive approach that addresses the multifarious forces that militate against food security and climate change. In this study, it was observed that the NGO addressed the issues across the varying value chain starting with educating the mindset, helping with the variety of crops to plant, how to plant well and store water, how to insure against a foreseeable loss of crops due to climate change, post- harvest issues including value addition and marketing. The study recommends deeper collaboration between state actors as well as local governments and non-state actors with the goal of maximizing the impact they all make in the lives of smallholder farmers in their quest to adapt to climate change. Since these entities have a common goal of ensuring the welfare of local people in building their resilience towards climate change impacts, their efforts will be meaningful if there is a coordination of efforts. Statements and Declaration Funding The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or non- financial interests to disclose. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Consent to Participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Abbreviations BINGOs - Business and Industry Non-Governmental Organizations COP - Conference of Parties CSO - Civil Society Organization ENGOs - Environmental Non - Governmental Organizations FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development IPCC – International Panel for Climate Change IPOs - Indigenous Peoples’ Organizations LGMAs - Local Government and Municipal Authorities NGOs - Non-Governmental Organizations NSAs - Non-State Actors RINGOs -Research and Independent Non - Governmental Organizations TUNGOs - Trade Unions Non - Governmental Organizations UNEP - United Nations Environment Program UNFCCC- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund WFP - World Food Program WHO - World Health Organization YOUNGO – Constituency of Youth Non-Governmental Organizations R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Abbott, J. (2012). Collaborative governance and metropolitan planning in South East Queensland- 1990 to 2010: From a voluntary to a statutory model. 2. Acheampong, E. N., Ozor, N., & Owusu, E. S. (2014). Vulnerability assessment of Northern Ghana to climate variability. Climatic change , 126 (1), 31-44. 3. Allan, J. I. (2019). Dangerous incrementalism of the Paris Agreement. Global Environmental Politics, 19(1), 4-11. 4. Armah, F. A., Odoi, J. O., Yengoh, G. T., Obiri, S., Yawson, D. O., & Afrifa, E. K. (2011). Food security and climate change in drought-sensitive savanna zones of Ghana. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change , 16 (3), 291-306. 5. Atube, F., Malinga, G. M., Nyeko, M., Okello, D. M., Alarakol, S. P., & Okello-Uma, I. (2021). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change: Evidence from northern Uganda. Agriculture & Food Security , 10 (1), 1-14. 6. Bäckstrand, K. (2003). Civic science for sustainability: reframing the role of experts, policy- makers and citizens in environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics , 3 (4), 24- 41. 7. Bäckstrand, K., & Kuyper, J. W. (2017). The democratic legitimacy of orchestration: the UNFCCC, non-state actors, and transnational